Nā ʻAno o nā Nalu
He mau hanana kūlohelohe nā nalu e pāʻani ana i kahi kuleana koʻikoʻi i nā ʻano like ʻole o ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā a me ka ʻepekema. Mai nā nalu moana hanohano a hiki i nā nalu lekiō e hiki ai ke kamaʻilio mamao loa, he mau hōʻike nā nalu o ka ikehu e neʻe ana ma o kahi mea. E ʻimi kēia ʻatikala i nā ʻano nalu like ʻole, a me ko lākou mau ʻano a me nā noi i ko kākou ola.
Ke Hoʻomaopopo nei i nā Nalu
Ma keʻano laulā, he haunaele a haʻalulu paha ka nalu e laha ana ma o kahi waena a i ʻole kahi ākea. Hiki i nā nalu ke hoʻoili i ka ikehu mai kekahi wahi a i kekahi me ka ʻole o ka hoʻoneʻe mau ʻana i nā ʻāpana o ka waena. ʻElua ʻano nui o nā nalu e pili ana i ke ʻano o ko lākou haʻalulu ʻana: nā nalu mechanical a me nā nalu electromagnetic.
Nā Nalu Mekanika
Pono nā nalu mīkini i kahi waena e hoʻolaha. Hiki i kēia waena ke lilo i mea paʻa, wai, a kinoea paha. Ua māhele ʻia nā nalu mīkini i kekahi mau ʻano ma muli o ko lākou kuhikuhi o ka neʻe ʻana a me ke ʻano o ka haunaele.
1. Nā Nalu Longitudinal
ʻO nā nalu longitudinal he mau nalu nona nā haʻalulu e hoʻoluliluli like me ke kuhikuhi o ka laha ʻana. ʻO ka laʻana maʻamau o kēia mau nalu, ʻo ia nā nalu kani. Ke ʻōlelo ke kanaka, haʻalulu nā kaula leo, e hana ana i nā wahi o ke kaomi a me ke kīkoʻo ʻana i ka lewa, a laila e laha ana ma ke ʻano he mau nalu kani.
noi:
He mea nui loa nā nalu longitudinal i ke kamaʻilio ʻana, e like me nā microphone a me nā mea hoʻolele leo.
- Hoʻohana ʻia i ka sonography lapaʻau e palapala i ke ʻano o loko o ke kino.
2. Nā Nalu ʻĀwili
ʻO nā nalu transverse, ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, he kuhikuhi ko lākou o ka haʻalulu e kū pono ana i ke kuhikuhi o ka hoʻolaha ʻana. ʻO nā nalu wai a me nā nalu ma ke kaula he mau hiʻohiʻona maʻamau o nā nalu transverse.
noi:
– Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā nalu transverse i loko o ka wai i nā haʻuki heʻenalu.
– I ka loiloi ʻana i nā ōlaʻi, ʻo nā nalu S (lua) he laʻana o nā nalu transverse.
3. Nā Nalu ʻIli
ʻO nā nalu ʻili kahi hui ʻana o nā nalu longitudinal a me nā nalu transverse e holo ana ma ka ʻili o kahi waena. ʻO kahi laʻana o kēia ʻano nalu, ʻo ia nā nalu moana e kū ana ma luna o ka ʻili o ka wai.
noi:
– Hiki i nā nalu ʻilikai ma ke kai ke hoʻopilikia i ka hoʻokele a me nā hale kahakai ma o ka ʻinoʻino ʻana.
Nā Nalu Uila
ʻAʻole e like me nā nalu mechanical, ʻaʻole pono nā nalu electromagnetic i kahi medium e hoʻolaha. Hiki iā lākou ke hele ma waena o kahi vacuum. Loaʻa nā nalu electromagnetic i kahi spectrum ākea i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e ko lākou alapine (frequency).
1. Nā Nalu Lekiō
ʻO nā nalu lekiō nā nalu lōʻihi loa ma ka spectrum electromagnetic a hoʻohana pinepine ʻia no nā hoʻolaha lekiō a me ke kīwī.
noi:
– Hoʻohana ʻia i nā kamaʻilio uea ʻole, me nā hoʻolaha lekiō, ke kīwī, a me nā pūnaewele kelepona paʻalima.
2. Nā Microwaves
ʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ke alapine (frequency) o nā microwave ma mua o nā nalu lekiō a hoʻohana nui ʻia i nā hana like ʻole, me ka radar a me ka kuke ʻana.
noi:
– Ma nā kamaʻilio ukali a me ka ʻenehana Wi-Fi.
– E hoʻomehana i ka meaʻai i loko o ka umu microwave.
3. Nā kukuna infrared (IR)
Hāʻule ka mālamalama infrared ma lalo o ke kukui ʻike ʻia a hoʻohana pinepine ʻia i nā mana mamao a me nā kiʻi thermal.
noi:
– Ka mana mamao no nā mea uila.
– Kāmela wela no ka ʻike ʻana i ka wela.
4. Mālamalama ʻIke ʻia
ʻO ke kukui ʻike ʻia ka ʻāpana o ka spectrum electromagnetic i hiki ke ʻike ʻia e ka maka kanaka. Aia kēia spectrum i nā ʻano kala like ʻole, mai ka ʻulaʻula a i ka poni, i hui pū ʻia i loko o ka mea i ʻike ʻia he ānuenue.
noi:
– He mea nui i ke kiʻi a me ke wikiō.
- Hoʻohana ʻia i nā ʻano ʻenehana kukui like ʻole, mai nā kukui incandescent a i nā LED.
5. Nā kukuna Ultraviolet (UV)
ʻOi aku ke alapine (frequency) o ke kukui UV ma mua o ke kukui ʻike maka ʻia a he nui nā hoʻohana, ʻoiai he mea weliweli nō hoʻi ia i nā dosis kiʻekiʻe.
noi:
– Hoʻohana ʻia i nā kukui sterilization e pepehi i nā microorganisms.
- Hoʻohana ʻia i nā haʻawina astronomy.
6. Nā kukuna X a me nā kukuna Gamma
He alapine kiʻekiʻe loa ko kēia ʻano nalu a he komo nui. Hoʻohana nui ʻia nā kukuna X i ka lāʻau lapaʻau, ʻoiai ʻo nā kukuna gamma e pili pinepine ana i ka palaho radioactive.
noi:
– Hoʻohana ʻia nā kukuna X-ray i ka radiography lapaʻau e ʻike i nā iwi.
- Hoʻohana ʻia nā kukuna gamma i ka radiotherapy e mālama i ka maʻi kanesa.
Ka hopena
He ʻāpana koʻikoʻi nā nalu o ko kākou honua, e hoʻomaʻamaʻa ana i nā ʻano he nui o ke ola, inā paha mākou e ʻike a ʻaʻole paha. Mai ke kiʻi lapaʻau a i ka ʻenehana kamaʻilio, hāʻawi nā ʻano nalu like ʻole i nā hoʻonā a me nā hana hou e loaʻa ai ka hopena koʻikoʻi i nā holomua ʻenehana a me ka ʻepekema.
ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā ʻano nalu like ʻole a me kā lākou hoʻohana ʻana ʻaʻole ia e hoʻonui wale i ko mākou ʻike ʻepekema akā e wehe pū i ka puka i nā hana hou aʻe e hoʻoikaika iā mākou i kahi wā e hiki mai ana. Inā he kanaka ʻepekema ʻoe, he ʻenekinia, a he mea hoʻohana ʻenehana wale nō i kēlā me kēia lā, he mea pono ke aʻo ʻia a mahalo ʻia nā nalu.
