ʻO kēlā me kēia mea o ke ao holoʻokoʻa, ua haku ʻia me nā ʻātoma . Ua haku ʻia nā ʻātoma me nā proton, nā neutron, a me nā electrons. Ua hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻia nā proton, ua hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻole ʻia nā electrons, a ʻaʻohe hoʻopiʻi ʻia nā neutron. Aia i loko o kahi ʻātoma ka nui o nā electrons, nā proton, a me nā neutrons. Inā like ka helu o nā electrons me ka helu o nā protons, ʻo ka huina o ka hoʻopiʻi uila ma luna o ka ʻātoma he ʻole. He kūlike ʻole ka uila o ia ʻātoma. Inā ʻoi aku ka helu o nā electrons ma mua o ka helu o nā protons, he nui nā electrons o ka ʻātoma, e hoʻolilo ana i mea hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻole. Inā ʻoi aku ka helu o nā electrons ma mua o ka helu o nā protons, he nui nā proton o ka ʻātoma, e hoʻolilo ana i mea hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻole.
ʻO kēlā me kēia mea hana he mau ʻātoma, no laila inā he nui nā electrons o nā ʻātoma e hana ana i kahi mea holoʻokoʻa e like me nā protons, a laila ʻaʻohe uku o ka mea a i ʻole he kūʻokoʻa. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, inā ʻoi aku ka nui o nā electrons o nā ʻātoma e hana ana i kahi mea holoʻokoʻa ma mua o nā protons, a laila he uku maikaʻi ʻole ka mea. Pēlā nō, inā he emi nā electrons o nā ʻātoma e hana ana i kahi mea holoʻokoʻa ma mua o nā protons, a laila he uku maikaʻi ka mea.
He nui nā mea i loaʻa i ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā he mea kūʻokoʻa uila. Eia nō naʻe, hiki ke hoʻouku ʻia kēia mau mea me ka uila. Hiki ke hana ʻia ka hoʻololi ʻana i kahi mea kūʻokoʻa uila i mea i hoʻouku ʻia me ka uila ma o ka friction a i ʻole ka induction. I ka hoʻokolohua ma ka hoʻouku uila, ua wehewehe mākou pehea e hoʻololi ai i kahi mea kūʻokoʻa i mea i hoʻouku ʻia me ka uila ma o ka friction me kekahi mea ʻē aʻe. I ka hoʻokolohua ma ka hoʻouku ʻana i kahi mea ma ka induction, ua kūkākūkā pū mākou i ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻololi ʻana i kahi mea kūʻokoʻa i mea i hoʻouku ʻia me ka uila ma o ka induction. I ke ʻano friction, ua hoʻopā ʻia ka mea e hoʻouku ʻia me ka uila me kekahi mea ʻē aʻe, ʻoiai ma ke ʻano induction, ʻaʻole i hoʻopā ʻia ka mea e hoʻouku ʻia me ka uila akā ua lawe wale ʻia a kokoke i kahi mea ʻē aʻe i hoʻouku ʻia me ka uila.
ʻO ka palakiko i kū ʻole i ka wā mua, lilo ia i mea hoʻouka uila ma hope o ka hamo ʻia ʻana me ka huluhulu maloʻo a i ʻole ka lauoho. ʻO ka hōʻike ua hoʻouka uila ʻia ka palakiko, ʻo ia ka pale ʻana o nā koʻokoʻo palakiko ʻelua i hamo mua ʻia me ka huluhulu maloʻo a i ʻole ka lauoho kekahi i kekahi. Hoʻokuke aku nā koʻokoʻo palakiko ʻelua kekahi i kekahi no ka mea he like ko lāua uku. E like me ka mea i wehewehe ʻia ma ke kumuhana o ka hoʻouka uila , e like me ka ʻaelike i hoʻokumu ʻia ma ka manaʻo o Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790), ua hoʻoholo ʻia ka hoʻouka uila i loaʻa i ka palakiko he uku maikaʻi ʻole. Hoʻouka maikaʻi ʻole ʻia ka palakiko no ka mea ʻoi aku ka nui o nā electrons i loko o ka palakiko ma mua o ka helu o nā protons. I ka wā mua, kū ʻole ka palakiko no laila hiki ke hoʻoholo ʻia ʻo nā electrons keu i loaʻa i ka palakiko i kēia manawa mai ka huluhulu maloʻo a i ʻole ka lauoho. Neʻe nā electrons i loko o ka huluhulu a i ʻole ka lauoho i ka palakiko i ka wā o ka friction ma waena o ka palakiko a me ka huluhulu a i ʻole ka lauoho. Kū ʻole ka huluhulu i ka wā mua no laila ke neʻe kāna mau electrons i ka palakiko, nele ka huluhulu i nā electrons a he keu nā protons. He keu nā protons o ka huluhulu no laila lilo ka huluhulu i mea hoʻouka maikaʻi. Ma hope o ka friction, lilo ka palakiko i mea hoʻouka maikaʻi ʻole a lilo ka huluhulu i mea hoʻouka maikaʻi.
ʻO ka helu o nā electrons i hoʻoili ʻia mai ka huluhulu a i ka plastic ua like ia me ka helu o nā electrons i nalowale mai ka plastic. Ma hope o ka friction, loaʻa i ka plastic kahi keu o nā electrons no laila lilo ia i mea hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻole, ʻoiai ʻo ka lauoho e nele i nā electrons no laila lilo ia i mea hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi. ʻO ka uku net ma ka plastic = helu o nā electrons - helu o nā protons. Pēlā nō, ʻo ka uku net o ka hulu = helu o nā protons - helu o nā electrons. ʻAʻohe uku i nalowale i ka wā friction, ʻaʻole hoʻi i hana ʻia ka uku i ka wā friction, ʻo ka mea e hana ʻia ʻo ia ka hoʻoili ʻana o ka uku. Lilo ka plastic i mea hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻole a lilo ka hulu i mea hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi. No laila, mau loa ka uku uila.
Ke kānāwai o ka mālama ʻana i ka uku uila ʻōlelo ʻia i loko o kahi ʻōnaehana pani, ʻaʻole i hana ʻia a luku ʻia paha ka uku uila akā hoʻoili wale ʻia mai kekahi mea i kekahi. Ke hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻia kekahi mea, lilo kekahi mea i hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻole i ka manawa like, me kēlā me kēia mea i loaʻa ka uku like. Ua hōʻike ʻia ka ʻōnaehana pani ma ka ʻōlelo ma luna penei. No ka laʻana, i ka wā e hamo ai ka palakika a me ka huluhulu kekahi i kekahi, ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ka hoʻoili ʻana o ka uku uila e hana wale ʻia ma waena o ka palakika a me ka huluhulu. No laila, ʻo ka huluhulu a me ka palakika wale nō e launa pū kekahi me kekahi. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, aia ka ea a puni mākou, no laila pili pū ka ea i ke kaʻina hana friction ma waena o ka palakika a me ka huluhulu. Inā noʻonoʻo ʻia ka ea, pili mau ke kānāwai o ka mālama ʻana i ka uku i ka palakika, ka huluhulu, a me ka ea. Inā ma hope o ka friction, lilo ka palakika i hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻole ʻia e 5, no ka laʻana, a lilo ka huluhulu i hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻole ʻia e 3, no ka laʻana, a laila lilo ka ea a puni i hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻole ʻia e 2. No laila, ʻo ka huina o ka uku uila ma waena o kēia mau mea ʻekolu e launa pū ana he ʻole. Inā hui wale ka palakika a me ka huluhulu, i ka wā e hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻole ʻia ai ka palakika e 5, lilo ka huluhulu i hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻia e 5, no laila ʻo ka huina o ka uku uila o ka palakika a me ka huluhulu he ʻole. He mau laʻana wale nō nā uku o 2, 3, a i ʻole 5. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole nui ka nui o ka uku uila, akā he nui o ka uku o kahi electron a i ʻole proton. E ʻoluʻolu e aʻo i ke kumuhana. hoʻouka uila e hoʻomālamalama i kou ʻike ʻana i ka nui o ka uku uila i loaʻa i kahi mea.
