ʻAtikala e pili ana i ke kānāwai kinoea kūpono (Ka hoohalike o ke kūlana o kahi kinoea kūpono)
ʻAʻole pili nā kānāwai kinoea, me ke kānāwai o Boyle, ke kānāwai o Charles, a me ke kānāwai o Gay-Lussac , i nā kūlana kinoea āpau, e paʻakikī ai kā mākou loiloi. No ka hoʻomaʻalahi ʻana i ka loiloi, hana ʻia kahi kumu hoʻohālike o kahi kinoea kūpono. ʻAʻole noho nā kinoea kūpono i ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā; he mau ʻano kūpono wale nō lākou i hana ʻia e hoʻomaʻalahi i ka loiloi. Kōkua nui ka manaʻo o kahi kinoea kūpono iā mākou i ka nānā ʻana i ka pilina ma waena o nā kānāwai kinoea ʻekolu.
ʻO ka pilina ma waena o ka mahana, ka nui a me ke kaomi o ke kinoea
Ma ka ʻōlelo ʻana i nā kānāwai kinoea ʻekolu ma luna, hiki iā mākou ke loaʻa kahi pilina laulā ma waena o ka mahana, ka nui, a me ke kaomi o ke kinoea.
Inā hoʻohui ʻia ka hoohalike 1, ka hoohalike 2 a me ka hoohalike 3 i hoʻokahi, e like ia me kēia: PV ∝ T → Ratio 4
ʻŌlelo kēia lakio ua kūlike ke kaomi (P) a me ka leo (V) i ka mahana piha (T).
I ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ua like ka nui (V) me ke kaomi (P).
Ua hoʻololi ʻia ka lakio 4 i ka hoohalike:
ʻIkepili:
P 1 = kaomi mua (Pa a i ʻole N/m 2 )
P 2 = kaomi hope loa (Pa a i ʻole N/m 2 )
V 1 = ka nui mua (m 3 )
V 2 = ka nui hope loa (m 3 )
T 1 = ka mahana mua (K)
T 2 = ka mahana hope loa (K)
(Pa = pascal, N = Newton, m2 = mika huinaha, m3 = mika cubic, K = Kelvin)
ʻO ka pilina ma waena o ke kinoea nuipa (m) a me ka nui (V)
Ke hoʻopiha ʻia kahi baluna ea wela, ʻo ka nui o ka ea i lawe ʻia i loko, ʻo ka nui o kona hoʻonui ʻia ʻana. I nā huaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka nui o ke kinoea, ʻo ka nui o ka nui o ka baluna. Hiki iā mākou ke ʻōlelo he kūlike pololei ka nui o ke kinoea (m) me ka nui o ke kinoea (V). Ma ke ʻano makemakika:
V ∝ m → Lākiō 5
Inā hoʻohui ʻia ka hoohalike 4 me ka hoohalike 5 a laila:
PV ∝ mT → Hoʻohālikelike 6
Helu o nā mole (n)
1 mole = ke kaumaha o kahi mea i like me ke kaumaha molekala o kēlā mea. He ʻokoʻa ke kaumaha molekala a me ke kaumaha.
Laʻana 1, ʻo ke kaumaha molekala o ke kinoea Oxygen (O 2 ) = 16 u + 16 u = 32 u (aia i kēlā me kēia molekala oxygen he 2 mau ʻātoma Oxygen, kahi he 16 u ke kaumaha o kēlā me kēia ʻātoma Oxygen). No laila, he 32 gram ke kaumaha o 1 mole o O 2. A i ʻole ʻo ke kaumaha molekala o O 2 = 32 grams/mol = 32 kg/kmol.
Laʻana 2, ka nuipa molekala o ke kinoea kalapona monoxide (CO) = 12 u + 16 u = 28 u (aia i kēlā me kēia molekala kalapona monoxide he 1 ʻātoma kalapona (C) a me 1 ʻātoma oxygen (O). ʻO ke kaumaha o 1 ʻātoma kalapona = 12 u a me ke kaumaha o 1 ʻātoma oxygen = 16 u. 12 u + 16 u = 28 u). No laila, he 28 grams ke kaumaha o 1 mole o CO. A i ʻole ka nuipa molekala o CO = 28 grams/mol = 28 kg/kmol.
Laʻana 3, ka nuipaʻa molekala o ke kinoea kalapona ʻokikene (CO 2 ) = [12 u + (2 x 16 u)] = [12 u + 32 u] = 44 u (aia i kēlā me kēia molekala kalapona ʻokikene he 1 ʻātoma kalapona (C) a me 2 mau ʻātoma oxygen (O). ʻO ke kaumaha o 1 ʻātoma kalapona = 12 u a me ke kaumaha o 1 ʻātoma oxygen = 16 u). No laila, he 44 gram ke kaumaha o 1 mole o CO 2. A i ʻole ʻo ke kaumaha molekala o CO 2 = 44 grams/mol = 44 kg/kmol.
ʻO ka helu o nā mole (n) o kahi mea = ka lakio o ka nuipa o ka mea i kona nuipa molekala. Ua kākau ʻia ma ke ʻano makemakika penei:
Laʻana 1: E helu i ka helu o nā mole i loko o 64 grams o O2
Ka nuipa o O2 = 64 grams
Laʻana 2: E helu i ka helu o nā mole i loko o 280 grams o CO
Ka nuipa o CO = 280 grams
Laʻana 3: E helu i ka helu o nā mole i loko o 176 grams o CO2
Ka nuipa o CO2 = 176 grams
Paʻa kinoea honua (R)
Ma muli o ka noiʻi a nā kānaka ʻepekema i hana ai, ua ʻike ʻia i ka wā e hoʻohana ʻia ai ka helu o nā mole (n) e hōʻike i ka nui o kahi mea, ua like ka waiwai o ke kūpaʻa kūlike no kēlā me kēia kinoea. ʻO ke kūpaʻa kūlike i nīnau ʻia ʻo ia ke kūpaʻa kinoea honua (R).
R = 8,315 J/mol.K
= 8315 kJ/kmol.K
= 0,0821 (L.atm) / (mol.K)
= 1,99 kal / mol. K
(J = Joule, K = Kelvin, L = lita, atm = lewa, cal = calorie)
KE KĀNĀWAI KINOA MAHELE (ma nā mole)
Hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana ma luna nei i loko o kahi hoohalike ma ke komo ʻana i ka helu o nā mole (n) a me ke ʻano mau kinoea honua (R).
PV = nRT
Ua kapa ʻia kēia kaulike ʻo ke kānāwai kinoea kūpono a i ʻole ke kaulike kinoea kūpono o ka mokuʻāina.
ʻIkepili:
P = kaomi kinoea (N/ m2 )
V = ka nui o ke kinoea ( m3 )
n = ka helu o nā mole (mol)
R = ke kūpaʻa kinoea honua (R = 8,315 J/mol.K)
T = ka mahana piha o ke kinoea (K)
I ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā pilikia, e hālāwai ʻoe me ka huaʻōlelo STP. ʻO STP ke kū nei no ka Mahana Maʻamau a me ke Kaomi.
Mahana maʻamau (T) = 0 o C = 273 K
Kaomi maʻamau (P) = 1 atm = 1,013 x 10 5 N/m 2 = 1,013 x 10 2 kPa = 101 kPa
I ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā pilikia kānāwai kinoea, pono e hōʻike ʻia ka mahana ma ka pālākiō Kelvin (K).
Inā he kaomi ana nō ke kaomi kinoea, e hoʻololi mua iā ia i kaomi paʻa loa.
Kaomi piha = kaomi lewa + kaomi anakahi (kaomi lewa = kaomi ea waho)
Inā ʻo ke kaomi lewa ka mea i ʻike ʻia (ʻaʻohe kaomi ana), e hoʻoponopono pololei i ka pilikia.
Laʻana nīnau 1:
Ma ke kaomi lewa (101 kPa), ʻo ka mahana o ke kinoea kalapona ʻokikene = 20 o C a ʻo kona nui = 2 lita. Inā hoʻololi ʻia ke kaomi i 201 kPa a hoʻonui ʻia ka mahana i 40 o C, e helu i ka nui hope loa o ke kinoea kalapona ʻokikene.
Pahana
Ua ʻike ʻia:
P 1 = 101 kPa
P 2 = 201 kPa
T 1 = 20 o C + 273 K = 293 K
T 2 = 40 o C + 273 K = 313 K
V 1 = 2 lita
Nīnau ʻia: V 2
Pane:
Laʻana nīnau 2:
E hoʻoholo i ka nui o 2 moles o ke kinoea ma STP (manaʻo ʻia he kinoea kūpono kēia kinoea)
Pahana
ʻO ka nui o 2 moles o ke kinoea ma STP (ka mahana a me ke kaomi maʻamau) he 44,8 lita.
Laʻana nīnau 3:
ʻO ka nui o ke kinoea oxygen ma STP = 20 m3 . He aha ke kaumaha o ke kinoea oxygen?
Pahana
ʻO ke kaumaha molekala o ka oxygen = 32 grams/mol (ka nuipa o 1 mole o ka oxygen = 32 grams). No laila, ʻo ke kaumaha o ke kinoea oxygen:
nuipaʻa (m) = helu o nā mole (n) x nuipaʻa molekala
nuipa = (893 moles) x (32 grams/mol) = 28576 grams = 28,576 kg
Laʻana nīnau 4:
Aia i loko o kahi pahu he 4 lita o ke kinoea oxygen (O2 ) . ʻO ka mahana o ke kinoea oxygen he 20 o C a ʻo ke kaomi i ana ʻia he 20 x 105 N /m2 . E hoʻoholo i ka nuipa o ke kinoea oxygen (ka nuipa molekala o ka oxygen = 32 kg/kmol = 32 grams/mol)
Pahana
KE KĀNĀWAI KINOA IDEAL (Ma ka helu o nā molekala)
Inā hōʻike mākou i ka nui o kahi mea ʻaʻole ma ke ʻano o ka nuipa (m), akā ma ke ʻano o ka helu o nā mole (n), a laila pili ke ʻano mau kinoea honua (R) i nā kinoea āpau. Ua ʻike mua ʻia kēia e Amedeo Avogadro (1776‐1856), he kanaka ʻepekema Italia.
Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Avogadro, inā like ka nui, ke kaomi, a me ka mahana o kēlā me kēia kinoea, a laila like ka helu o nā molekala o kēlā me kēia kinoea.
ʻO ka ʻōlelo i kākau ʻia me ka italics wiwo ʻole ua kapa ʻia ʻo ke kuhiakau a Avogadro. ʻO ke kuhiakau a Avogadro, a i ʻole ke kuhi ʻana, ua kūlike ia me ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ua like ke kūpaʻa R no nā kinoea āpau. Eia kekahi mau hōʻoia:
ʻO ka mea mua , inā mākou e hoʻoponopono i ka pilikia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kaulike kānāwai kinoea kūpono (PV = nRT), e ʻike mākou inā like ka helu o nā mole (n), like nō hoʻi ke kaomi a me ka mahana, a laila e like ka nui o nā kinoea āpau, inā mākou e hoʻohana i ke kūpaʻa kinoea honua (R = 8,315 J/mol.K). Ma STP, ʻo kēlā me kēia kinoea i loaʻa ka helu like o nā mole (n) e loaʻa ka nui like. ʻO ka nui o 1 mole o ke kinoea ma STP = 22,4 lita. ʻO ka nui o 2 mole o ke kinoea = 44,8 lita. ʻO ka nui o 3 mole o ke kinoea = 67,2 lita. A pēlā aku… pili kēia i nā kinoea āpau.
ʻO ka lua , ua like ka helu o nā molekala i loko o 1 mole no nā kinoea āpau. ʻO ka helu o nā molekala i loko o 1 mole = ka helu o nā molekala no kēlā me kēia mole = ka helu o Avogadro (NA ) . No laila ua like ka helu o Avogadro no nā kinoea āpau.
Ua loaʻa ka nui o ka helu ʻo Avogadro ma o nā ana ʻana:
NA = 6,02 x 10 23 mau molekala/mol
No ka loaʻa ʻana o ka huina o nā molekala (N), hiki iā mākou ke hoʻonui i ka helu o nā molekala no kēlā me kēia mole (NA) me ka helu o nā mole (n).
ʻO kēia ke kaulike kānāwai kinoea kūpono ma ke ʻano o ka helu o nā molekala.
ʻIkepili:
P = Kaomi
V = Ka nui
N = Ka huina o nā molekala
k = Boltzmann Constant (k = 1,38 x 10-23 J/K)
T = Mahana
Volume
1 lita (L) = 1000 milliliters (mL) = 1000 cubic centimeters (cm 3 )
1 lita (L) = 1 dekimika cubic (dm 3 ) = 1 x 10 ‐3 m 3
Kaomi
1 N/m2 = 1 Pa
1 atm = 1,013 x 10 5 N/m 2 = 1,013 x 10 5 Pa = 101,3 x 10 2 kPa = 101.3 kPa (hoʻohana pinepine ʻia he 101 kPa)
Pa = pascal
atm = lewa
Ikehu kūloko o ke kinoea kūpono
Ikehu kūloko o kahi kinoea kūpono monatomic
ʻO ka ikehu kūloko o kahi kinoea kūpono monatomic ka huina o ka ikehu kinetic translational o nā molekala o ke kinoea kūpono monatomic. ʻO ka huina o ka ikehu kinetic translational o nā molekala o kahi kinoea kūpono = ka huahana o ka ikehu kinetic translational awelika o kēlā me kēia molekala e ka helu o nā molekala (N). Ma ke ʻano makemakika:
ʻIkepili:
U = Ikehu kūloko o kahi kinoea kūpono monatomic (J)
N = Helu o nā molekala
k = Boltzmann Constant (k = 1,38 x 10-23 J/K)
T = Mahana piha (K)
n = Helu o nā mole (mol)
R = Paʻa kinoea honua (R = 8,315 J/mol.K = 8315 kJ/kmol.K)
Ikehu i loko o ke kinoea diatomic ideal
ʻO ka ikehu kūloko o kahi kinoea kūpono diatomic ka huina o ka ikehu kinetic translational, ka ikehu kinetic rotational, a me ka ikehu kinetic haʻalulu o nā molekala o ke kinoea kūpono diatomic. Wahi a ke kumumanaʻo o ka equipartition o ka ikehu, ʻo ka ikehu kūloko o kahi kinoea kūpono diatomic:
U = 5/2 n RT
Ikehu i loko o ke kinoea kūpono polyatomic
ʻO ka ikehu kūloko o kahi kinoea kūpono polyatomic ka huina o ka ikehu kinetic translational, ka ikehu kinetic rotational, a me ka ikehu kinetic vibrational o nā molekala o ke kinoea kūpono polyatomic. Wahi a ke kumumanaʻo o ka equipartition o ka ikehu, ʻo ka ikehu kūloko o kahi kinoea kūpono polyatomic:
U = 7/2 n RT
Ikehu i loko o ke kinoea maoli
Aia nō hoʻi ka ikehu i loko o ke kinoea maoli i ka mahana. Ke kiʻekiʻe loa ke kaomi o ke kinoea maoli (ua liʻiliʻi ka nui o ke kinoea maoli), hoʻomaka ke kinoea maoli e hōʻike i nā ʻano hana ʻē. No laila, hiki ke ʻōlelo ʻia ua hilinaʻi pū ka ikehu i loko o ke kinoea maoli i ke kaomi a me ka nui.
