ʻO ke ʻano o nā mea kanu hua Tropical
Ua kapa ʻia nā wahi Tropical ʻo ia nā "basins" o ke ʻano olaola o ka honua. ʻO nā mahana mahana a puni ka makahiki, nā pae kiʻekiʻe o ka lā, a me ka ua nui e hana i nā kūlana kūpono no nā ʻano mea kanu like ʻole, me nā kumulāʻau hua. Ma hope o nā ʻono ʻono, ʻawaʻawa, a hōʻoluʻolu paha a mākou e hauʻoli ai, aia ke aʻo ʻepekema o ke ʻano, ka hana, a me nā kaʻina hana ola o nā mea kanu hua tropika: botany. Ma o ka botany, hiki iā mākou ke hoʻomaopopo pehea e ulu ai nā mea kanu hua, hoʻohua hou, hoʻololi, a hoʻohua i nā hua o nā ʻano kikoʻī.
Ka Wehewehena a me ka Laulā o ka Botany
ʻO Botany ka ʻepekema e aʻo pono ana i nā mea kanu, mai ko lākou ʻano (morphology), ke ʻano o nā ʻiʻo (anatomy), ka hana (physiology), ka hoʻoilina (genetics), a me ko lākou pilina me ko lākou kaiapuni (ecology). Ma ke ʻano o nā mea kanu hua ʻāina wela, kōkua ka botany i ka wehewehe ʻana i ke kumu he ʻala ʻawaʻawa ka durian a me ka ʻili ʻoi, no ke aha ʻaʻohe hua nui o ka maiʻa e like me nā hua hihiu, a pehea e hiki ai i nā mango ke hua i nā hua me nā ʻano ʻono a me nā nui like ʻole.
ʻO nā mea kanu hua ʻāina wela e komo pū ana me nā ʻano maoli o nā wahi wela pulu a me nā wahi maloʻo. ʻO nā laʻana, ʻo ia ka mango (Mangifera indica), ka maiʻa (Musa spp.), ka papaya (Carica papaya), ka paina (Ananas comosus), ka rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum), ka durian (Durio zibethinus), ka guava (Psidium guajava), a me ka hua nahesa (Salacca zalacca). Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia kona ʻano botanical ponoʻī.
Ka Hoʻokaʻawale ʻana a me nā ʻAno Laulā o nā Mea kanu Hua Tropical
Ma ke ʻano botanical, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā mea kanu hua ʻāina wela ma muli o kā lākou mau ʻano ulu: nā lāʻau lāʻau (e.g., mango a me durian), nā lāʻau liʻiliʻi (e.g., kekahi mau ʻano guava), nā lau nahele nui (maiʻa), a me nā mea kanu rosette (paina). He mea nui kēia hoʻokaʻawale ʻana no ka mea pili ia i nā ʻōnaehana aʻa, nā koi wahi, a me nā ʻano hana mahiʻai.
ʻO ka hapa nui o nā hua ʻāina wela mai nā angiosperms, kahi e hana ai i nā pua ma ke ʻano he mau ʻōkana hānau. ʻO nā ʻano maʻamau ʻē aʻe e pili ana i ka hiki ke hoʻololi i nā mahana mahana, ka hoʻomanawanui i ka haʻahaʻa kiʻekiʻe, a me kahi pōʻaiapuni ulu e nele pinepine ana i kahi kau hoʻoilo. I kekahi mau ʻano, hoʻopilikia ʻia ka pua e ke kau pulu-maloʻo, ka lōʻihi o ke ao, a i ʻole nā mea hoʻoluhi wai kikoʻī e hoʻoulu maoli i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka pua.
ʻAno o ke kino: Nā aʻa, nā kumu, a me nā lau
1. ʻŌnaehana Aʻa
Hana nā aʻa e omo i ka wai a me nā meaʻai me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka mea kanu i ka lepo. ʻO ka maʻamau, he mau aʻa ikaika ko nā lāʻau hua Tropical me nā aʻa ʻaoʻao ākea. Eia nō naʻe, aia kekahi mau ʻokoʻa: he papau nā rhizomes (corms) a me nā aʻa fibrous ko ka maiʻa, e lilo ai lākou i mea maʻalahi i ka hiolo ʻana i nā makani ikaika. Loaʻa i nā paina nā aʻa fibrous e omo pono i ka wai ʻoiai ma ka lepo momona ʻole, ʻoiai inā mālama ʻia ka makū kūpono.
2. Kumu a me ka lālā
He lāʻau a like me ka cambium nā kumu o nā lāʻau hua Tropical, e hiki ai iā lākou ke ulu nui. Hoʻoholo nā ʻano lālā i ke ʻano o ka canopy a hoʻohuli i ka omo ʻana o ka mālamalama a me ka hua o ka hua. I loko o nā mango, hiki i kahi canopy mānoanoa loa ke hōʻemi i ke komo ʻana o ka mālamalama, hoʻonui i ka makū, a paipai i nā maʻi fungal. I loko o nā maiʻa, ʻo ka "kumu" i ʻike ʻia he puʻu o nā ʻūpā lau (pseudostem), ʻoiai ke kumu maoli e waiho ana ma lalo o ka honua.
3. Nā Lau a me ka Hoʻololi ʻana i ka Tropical
ʻO nā lau ke kikowaena o ka photosynthesis. He nui nā mea kanu hua ʻāina wela, e like me ka durian a me ka jackfruit, he mau lau nui e hopu i ka mālamalama nui loa. Eia nō naʻe, hele pū ka nui o ka lau me nā hoʻololi e hōʻemi i ka nalowale o ka wai, e like me kahi papa cuticle mānoanoa a i ʻole kahi hoʻolaha kikoʻī o stomata. I loko o nā paina, he paʻakikī nā lau a he pinepine nā ʻaoʻao spiny, a loaʻa iā lākou ka hiki ke mālama i ka wai i loko o nā ʻiʻo kikoʻī—he hoʻololi pono i nā kūlana maloʻo.
Nā Pua: Ke Kī i ka Hoʻoulu Hou ʻana a me ka Hoʻokumu ʻana i nā Hua
He kuleana koʻikoʻi ko nā pua i ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka holomua o ka hoʻoulu ʻana a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā hua. ʻOkoʻa loa nā ʻano pua Tropical. He nui nā pua liʻiliʻi o nā mango i loko o nā panicles (inflorescences) e hoʻonui i nā manawa o ka pollination. He nui nā pua Durian e pua pinepine ana i ka pō a hiki ke pollinated ʻia e nā peʻapeʻa a i ʻole nā pepeke nocturnal, e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā pollinators kikoʻī.
Loaʻa i kekahi mau mea kanu hua ʻāina wela nā pua kūpono (loaʻa nā stamens a me nā pistils i loko o hoʻokahi pua), aʻo kekahi he mau hana kāne a wahine kaʻawale. Ua ʻike ʻia nā papayas no ko lākou ʻano moekolohe: aia nā mea kanu kāne, wahine, a me nā mea kanu hermaphrodite, kahi e hoʻopilikia nui ai i ka hana a me ke ʻano o ka hua. He mea koʻikoʻi ka ʻike botanical o ka papaya sex i ka mahi ʻana, no ka mea, makemake pinepine nā mahiʻai i kahi hua like mau.
Pollination a me ka Fertilization
Hiki ke hana ʻia ka pollination ma o ka makani, nā pepeke, nā manu, a i ʻole nā mammals. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa o nā pollinators ma nā wahi tropical e paʻakikī ai ka pilina o nā mea kanu-pollinator. ʻO Rambutan a me longan, no ka laʻana, ua kōkua nui ʻia e nā pepeke e like me nā pi. Pono kekahi mau mea kanu i ka cross-pollination no ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā hua maikaʻi loa, aʻo kekahi e hiki ke pollinate iā lākou iho.
Hoʻopili ʻia ka hoʻoulu ʻana o ka momona e nā kumu o ke kaiapuni: hiki i nā mahana kiʻekiʻe loa ke hōʻemi i ka hiki ke ola o ka pollen, hiki i ka ua nui ke kāohi i ka hana pollinator, a hiki i ka haʻahaʻa kiʻekiʻe ke hoʻoulu i nā maʻi pua. No laila, ʻo ka pua pinepine ka wā koʻikoʻi loa i ke kaʻina hana hua.
Hua: Nā ʻokoʻa o ke ʻano a me ke ʻano
I loko o ka botany, he ʻōkana ka hua e ulu ana mai ka ovary ma hope o ka hoʻoulu ʻana. Loaʻa i nā hua Tropical nā ʻano like ʻole:
– Hua pōhaku (drupe): hoʻokahi hua nui ko nā mango i pale ʻia e kahi endocarp paʻakikī.
– Nā hua: he hua ka papaya me ka ʻiʻo mānoanoa a me nā hua he nui.
– Hua hui: ua hana ʻia nā paina mai ka hui pū ʻana o nā pua he nui i hoʻokahi puʻupuʻu, e hana ana i hoʻokahi ʻano hua liʻiliʻi.
– ʻIli mānoanoa a ʻoʻoi nā hua: he pericarp ikaika ko ka durian no ka pale ʻana, ʻoiai e ulu ana ka ʻiʻo o ka hua e huki i nā holoholona hoʻolaha hua.
ʻO ke kala, ka ʻala, a me ka ʻono o nā huaʻai ka hopena o ka hui pū ʻana o nā pigments (e like me nā carotenoids i loko o ka papaya a me ka mango), nā hui ʻala e hoʻoheheʻe ai (waiwai nui ka durian i nā hui hoʻoheheʻe), a me ke kaulike o ke kō a me nā waikawa organik. Hoʻopili ʻia kēia mau mea a pau e ka genetics a me ke kaiapuni, me nā meaʻai o ka lepo a me ka loaʻa ʻana o ka wai.
Nā hua a me ka hoʻolaha ʻana
ʻO nā hua he ala ia o ka hoʻomau ʻana o nā ʻano. Ma ke ʻano, hoʻopuehu ʻia nā hua e nā holoholona (zoochory), ka wai (hydrochory), a i ʻole ke koʻikoʻi. Ua ulu aʻe nā hua he nui o ka ʻāina wela e huki i nā holoholona ʻai hua no ka hoʻopuehu ʻana i nā hua. Eia nō naʻe, i ka mahi ʻana o kēia au, hana pinepine ʻia ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā mea kanu ma o ke kāpili ʻana, ka ʻōpuʻu ʻana, a i ʻole ka ʻōpuʻu ʻana, no ka mea, mālama kēia mau ʻano i nā ʻano maikaʻi o ka mea kanu makua. He sterile ka nui o nā maiʻa i mahi ʻia, no laila ua hoʻopuehu ʻia lākou ma o nā ʻokiʻoki a i ʻole ka moʻomeheu kiko.
ʻEkolo a me ka Hoʻololi ʻana i nā Kaiapuni Tropical
Hōʻike nā wahi wela i nā pilikia a me nā manawa kūpono. Hoʻolalelale ka ua nui i ka ulu ʻana akā hoʻonui pū i nā maʻi a me nā mea ʻino. Hiki i nā fungi, bacteria, a me nā pepeke ke ulu maikaʻi i ka makahiki holoʻokoʻa me ka ʻole o ka hoʻomaha hoʻoilo. ʻO ka hopena, loaʻa i nā mea kanu hua wela nā ʻano hana pale like ʻole, e like me ka latex i loaʻa i loko o ka jackfruit a me ka mango, nā pūhui phenolic i loko o kekahi mau ʻili hua, a i ʻole nā ʻano kino e like me nā kākalaioa.
Eia kekahi, hōʻike nā mea kanu wela he nui i nā pane ikaika i nā kūlana microclimatic. Hiki i ke kiʻekiʻe, ka ikaika o ka mālamalama, a me nā ʻano makani ke hoʻopilikia i ka pua a me ka maikaʻi o ka hua. No ka laʻana, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o kekahi mau ʻano mango ma nā wahi me kahi kau maloʻo e hoʻoulu ai i ka pua.
Pani
ʻO ka botany o nā mea kanu hua ʻāina wela e wehe i kahi puka makani i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana pehea e kūkulu ai nā mea kanu i ko lākou kino, hoʻohua hou, a hana i nā hua a mākou e ʻai ai i kēlā me kēia lā. Mai nā aʻa e omo ana i nā meaʻai a hiki i nā pua e hilinaʻi ana i nā mea hoʻopulapula, he hana pili ko kēlā me kēia ʻāpana o ka mea kanu. He mea nui ka ʻike botanical ʻaʻole wale no nā kānaka ʻepekema akā no nā mahiʻai, nā ʻoihana mahiʻai, a me ke kaiāulu ākea e makemake ana e mālama i ka hoʻomau ʻana o ka hana ʻana i nā hua ʻāina wela. Ma ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā kumu o ka botany, hiki iā mākou ke mahiʻai i nā mea kanu me ke kūpono, hoʻomaikaʻi i ka maikaʻi o ka hua, a mālama i nā hua ʻāina wela momona i haʻaheo ʻia e ka ʻāina wela.
