ʻO ke kū'ē ʻana o Ohmic a me Non-Ohmic: He wehewehe hohonu o nā manaʻo kumu ʻelua ma ka Electrophysics
Pengantar
He manaʻo nui ke kū'ē uila i ka electrophysics, i aʻo ʻia mai ka wā i ʻike ʻia ai ke au uila. ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke kū'ē e kōkua iā mākou e hoʻolālā a hoʻoponopono i nā ʻano mea uila like ʻole, mai nā mea maʻalahi e like me nā kukui incandescent a hiki i nā mea paʻakikī e like me nā kamepiula a me nā kelepona akamai. ʻO nā ʻano nui ʻelua o ke kū'ē i kūkākūkā pinepine ʻia he kū'ē ohmic a me non-ohmic. E wehewehe piha kēia ʻatikala i kēia mau ʻano kū'ē ʻelua, pehea lākou e hana ai, ko lākou ʻokoʻa, a pehea lākou e hoʻopili ʻia ai i ke ao maoli.
Ke kū'ē ʻana o Ohmic
Nā Kumumanaʻo Kumu
Ma muli o ke kū'ē ʻana o Ohmic ke kānāwai o Ohm, i hōʻike ʻia e Georg Simon Ohm i ke kenekulia 19. Ua ʻōlelo ke kānāwai o Ohm ʻo ka voltage (V) i hoʻopili ʻia i kahi alakaʻi he kūlike ia me ke au uila (I) e hele ana ma o ia mea, me ke kū'ē (R) ma ke ʻano he kūpaʻa o ka proportionality. Ma ke ʻano makemakika, ua kākau ʻia penei:
\[ V = I \cdot R \]
Maanei, ʻo V ka uila ma volts, ʻo I ke au ma amperes, a ʻo R ke kū'ē ma ohms.
Kaha
Hoʻohālikelike ʻia ke kū'ē Ohmic e kahi pilina linear ma waena o ke au uila a me ke au. ʻO ke ʻano kēia, ʻo ka pakuhi ma waena o ke au uila a me ke au e lilo i laina pololei, me kahi gradient (slope) e kūlike ana i ka waiwai kū'ē.
Eia kekahi laʻana
1. Nā Uea Metala: ʻO ka hapa nui o nā metala, e like me ke keleawe a me ka alumini, hōʻike i ke ʻano ohmic ma kekahi mau mahana a me nā voltages.
2. Resistor: He ʻāpana i hoʻolālā kūikawā ʻia e loaʻa kahi waiwai kū'ē a hōʻike maʻamau i ke ʻano ohmic.
Ka hoʻohana
Hoʻohana ʻia ke kū'ē ʻana ohmic i nā noi he nui, mai nā kaapuni uila maʻalahi a paʻakikī. No ka laʻana, hoʻohana ʻia nā resistors e hoʻoponopono i ke au i loko o nā kaapuni uila, hōʻike nā kukui incandescent i ke kū'ē ʻana ohmic i nā au haʻahaʻa, a hōʻike nā uea metala i loko o nā mea uila he nui i ke ʻano ohmic.
Ke kū'ē ʻole ʻo Ohmic
Nā Kumumanaʻo Kumu
ʻAʻole hahai ke kū'ē ʻole-ohmic i ke Kānāwai o Ohm. I nā ʻāpana ʻole-ohmic, ʻo ka pilina ma waena o ka voltage a me ke au he nonlinear a hiki ke hoʻopilikia ʻia e nā kumu like ʻole e like me ke ʻano o ka mea, ka mahana, a me ke au a i ʻole ka ikaika o ka voltage.
Kaha
ʻAʻole laina pololei ka pakuhi uila kūʻē i ke au no nā mea ʻaʻole ohmic, akā hiki ke lilo i piʻo paʻakikī. Hiki ke wehewehe ʻia ka pilina ma waena o V a me I e kahi hoʻohālikelike paʻakikī ma mua o ke Kānāwai Ohm maʻalahi.
Eia kekahi laʻana
1. Diode: He mea hana semiconductor e ʻae ai i ke au e kahe i hoʻokahi ʻaoʻao a ʻaʻole ma ke ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe.
2. Transistor: He mea semiconductor i hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻonui a hoʻololi paha i nā hōʻailona uila, me nā ʻano non-ohmic.
3. Nā Kukui LED: ʻO kekahi laʻana o kahi hāmeʻa uila e hōʻike ana i ka hana non-ohmic no ka mea ʻaʻole kūlike ke au me ka voltage.
4. Nā Mea Hana Semiconductor: I nā mea e like me ka silicon a germanium paha, loli nui ke kū'ē me nā loli o ke voltage a me ka mahana.
Ka hoʻohana
He mea nui nā mea hana non-ohmic i ka ʻenehana hou. ʻO nā ʻāpana semiconductor e like me nā diodes a me nā transistors ke kumu o aneane nā mea uila āpau i kēia lā, me nā kamepiula, nā kelepona paʻalima, a me nā mea kamaʻilio ʻē aʻe. Hoʻohana ʻia nā diodes i ka hoʻololi AC-i-DC, ka pale ʻana i ke kaapuni, a me ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i ka hōʻailona. Hoʻohana ʻia nā transistors i nā mea hana logic kikohoʻe, nā mea hoʻonui hōʻailona, a me nā mea hou aku.
Ka Nānā ʻokoʻa
1. Pilina ma waena o ke au uila a me ke au
– Ohmic: Laina
– ʻAʻole-Ohmic: ʻAʻole linear
2. Ke hahai nei i ke kānāwai o Ohm
– ʻOhmik: ʻAe
– ʻAʻole-Ohmic: ʻAʻole
3. Nā Laʻana Laulā
– Ohmic: Palekana, uea metala
– ʻAʻole-Ohmic: Diodes, transistors, nā mea semiconductor
4. Kiʻikuhi V vs. I
– Ohmic: Laina pololei
– ʻAʻole-Ohmic: Piʻo
Nā Kumu e Hoʻopilikia ana i nā Pale
– Mahana: Hoʻonui ka pale ʻana o nā metala me ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka mahana, ʻoiai ʻo ka pale ʻana o nā semiconductors e emi pinepine ana me ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka mahana.
– Mea Hana: Hoʻopili ka mea i hoʻohana ʻia inā he ohmic a non-ohmic paha ka mea hana.
– Voltage: I nā mea non-ohmic, ʻo nā loli i ka voltage e hoʻololi pinepine i nā loli koʻikoʻi i ke au ma ke ʻano non-linear.
– Au: I kekahi mau mea non-ohmic, hiki i ka piʻi nui ʻana o ke au ke hoʻololi i ke kū'ē ʻana o ka mea.
Ka hopena
ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ke kū'ē ohmic a me ka non-ohmic ke kī i ka hoʻolālā ʻana a me ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā kaapuni uila a me nā uila kūpono a hilinaʻi hoʻi. ʻO ke kū'ē Ohmic, me kona ʻano linear, hāʻawi i kahi ʻike pololei a maʻalahi hoʻi e pono loa i nā noi kumu he nui. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻo ke kū'ē non-ohmic, me kona ʻano non-linear a paʻakikī, hāʻawi i ka maʻalahi a me ka pono i nā ʻenehana hou e pono ai ka kaohi pololei a me ka dynamic o ke kahe o ke au.
I loko o kahi honua e hilinaʻi nui nei i ka ʻenehana, ʻo ka ʻike paʻa o kēia mau ʻano kū'ē ʻelua ʻaʻole wale ia he pono, akā he mea pono no nā ʻenekinia, nā kānaka ʻepekema, a me nā loea e hana ana e hana hou a hoʻomaikaʻi i nā ʻano ʻenehana like ʻole. Me kēia ʻike, hiki iā mākou ke wānana maikaʻi, kaohi, a hoʻohana hope loa i nā au uila e hana i kahi honua ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi a me ka holomua o ka ʻenehana.
