Nā Pūʻulu Hana i loko o nā Pūhui Kalapona
Pendahuluan
Loaʻa i nā hui kalapona kahi ʻano kū hoʻokahi a paʻakikī hoʻi i ka kemika organik. ʻO ke kī i kēia ʻano like ʻole, ʻo ia ka hiki o ke kalapona ke hana i nā ʻano pilina a me nā ʻano like ʻole, me nā kaulahao linear, cyclic, a me nā lālā. ʻO kahi ʻano koʻikoʻi e hāʻawi ana i nā hui organik i ko lākou mau ʻano kūikawā ʻo ia kā lākou mau hui hana. ʻO nā hui hana nā hui o nā ʻātoma i loko o kahi mole e kuleana no nā waiwai kemika kikoʻī. Ma kēia ʻatikala, e kūkākūkā mākou i nā ʻano like ʻole o nā hui hana i nā hui kalapona, ko lākou mau ʻano a me nā ʻano, a me ko lākou koʻikoʻi i nā noi hana.
Ke Hoʻomaopopo nei i nā Pūʻulu Hana
ʻO kahi hui hana he ʻāpana o kahi molekala e hōʻike mau ana i kekahi mau hopena kemika. Hiki i kēia mau hui ke hana i hoʻokahi a ʻoi aku paha mau ʻātoma a loaʻa nā hui kikoʻī o nā mea e hāʻawi ana i ka molekala i kona mau waiwai hiʻona. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona maʻamau o nā hui hana e komo pū me nā alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, a me nā amines. Hoʻoholo nā hui hana i ka reactivity kemika, ka paila kiko, ka heheʻe kiko, ka polarity, a me nā waiwai kino a me kemika ʻē aʻe o ka hui.
Pūʻulu Waiʻona
ʻO kekahi o nā hui hana maʻamau i ka kemika organik ʻo ia ka waiʻona. Aia kahi hui waiʻona i kahi ʻātoma oxygen i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i kahi ʻātoma hydrogen (OH) i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i kahi ʻātoma kalapona. ʻO ke ʻano maʻamau o kahi waiʻona ʻo R-OH, kahi ʻo R he hui alkyl a aryl paha. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā waiʻona i ke ʻano mua, lua, a me ke kolu, ma muli o ka helu o nā ʻātoma kalapona i hoʻopaʻa pololei ʻia i ka ʻātoma kalapona i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka hui hydroxyl.
– Nā ʻalekohol mua: Hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka ʻātoma kalapona e paʻa ana i ka hui OH i hoʻokahi ʻātoma kalapona ʻē aʻe. Nā laʻana: methanol (CH3OH) a me ka ethanol (CH3CH2OH).
– ʻAila lua: Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka ʻātoma kalapona e hoʻopaʻa ana i ka hui OH i ʻelua mau ʻātoma kalapona ʻē aʻe. Laʻana: isopropanol (CH3CHOHCH3).
– ʻAila ʻona Tertiary: Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka ʻātoma kalapona e hoʻopaʻa ana i ka hui OH i ʻekolu mau ʻātoma kalapona ʻē aʻe. Laʻana: t-butanol (C(CH3)3OH).
He kiʻekiʻe ke kiko paila o ka waiʻona ma muli o nā pilina hydrogen ma waena o kona mau molekala. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ka waiʻona ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻoheheʻe, antiseptic, a me ka wahie.
Nā Aldehydes a me nā Ketones
ʻO Aldehydes a me ketones ʻelua ʻano o nā hui hana carbonyl nona nā waiwai kemika like, akā aia ma nā kūlana like ʻole o ka mole.
– Nā Aldehydes: Loaʻa kahi hui carbonyl (C=O) i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i kahi ʻātoma hydrogen a me kahi ʻātoma kalapona. ʻO ke ʻano maʻamau o kahi aldehyde ʻo R-CHO. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o nā aldehydes he formaldehyde (HCHO) a me acetaldehyde (CH3CHO).
– Ketone: Loaʻa kahi hui carbonyl (C=O) i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ʻelua mau ʻātoma kalapona. ʻO ke ʻano maʻamau o kahi ketone ʻo R-CO-R'. ʻO kahi laʻana o kahi ketone ʻo acetone (CH3COCH3).
Loaʻa nā Aldehydes a me nā ketones i nā mea olaola a me nā ʻoihana he nui. Hoʻohana nui ʻia nā Aldehydes i nā ʻoihana ʻala a me nā kemika, ʻoiai he mau mea hoʻoheheʻe maikaʻi nā ketones a hoʻohana pinepine ʻia i nā ʻano hoʻonani.
ʻAkika Carboxylic
ʻO ka waikawa carboxylic kahi hui hana e loaʻa ana kahi hui carbonyl (C=O) a me kahi hui hydroxyl (OH) ma ka ʻātoma kalapona like, e hāʻawi ana iā ia i ke ʻano maʻamau ʻo R-COOH. He waikawa nā waikawa Carboxylic no ka mea e hoʻokuʻu koke lākou i nā iona hydrogen (H+). ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o nā waikawa carboxylic he waikawa acetic (CH3COOH) a me ka waikawa benzoic (C6H5COOH).
He mau mea koʻikoʻi nā waikawa carboxylic i ka biology a me ka ʻoihana. Loaʻa lākou i nā ʻano meaʻai like ʻole a me nā wahie, a he kuleana ko lākou i nā pōʻaiapuni biochemical e like me ke pōʻaiapuni Krebs.
Amina
He mau hui hana nā ʻAmine e loaʻa ana ka naikokene i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i hoʻokahi a ʻoi aku paha mau ʻātoma kalapona. Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia lākou ma ke ʻano mua, lua, a me ke kolu ma muli o ka helu o nā ʻātoma kalapona i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka naikokene.
– Nā amine mua: Hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka naikokene i hoʻokahi ʻātoma kalapona. Laʻana: methylamine (CH3NH2).
– Nā amine lua: Hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka naikokene i ʻelua mau ʻātoma kalapona. Laʻana: dimethylamine (CH3NHCH3).
– Nā amine tertiary: Hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka naikokene i ʻekolu mau ʻātoma kalapona. Laʻana: trimethylamine (N(CH3)3).
He kumu nā Amines a loaʻa nui ʻia i ka biology ma ke ʻano he mau ʻāpana o nā waikawa amino a me nā neurotransmitters. Hoʻohana ʻia hoʻi nā Amines i nā lāʻau lapaʻau a me nā kala synthetic.
Nā ʻEtera a me nā Esters
ʻO Ethers a me esters ʻelua mau hui hana maʻamau i ka kemika organik.
– ʻEtera: Loaʻa i loko he mau ʻātoma kalapona i hoʻopili ʻia e kahi ʻātoma oxygen (RO-R'). ʻO kahi laʻana o ka etera ʻo diethyl ether (CH3CH2OCH2CH3), he mea hoʻoheheʻe maʻamau ia i nā keʻena hoʻokolohua kemika.
– Ester: Hoʻokumu ʻia mai ka hopena ma waena o ka waikawa carboxylic a me ka waiʻona, me ke ʻano maʻamau ʻo R-COOR'. ʻO kahi laʻana o ka ester ʻo ia ka ethyl acetate (CH3COOCH2CH3), kahi i hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻoheheʻe i ka ʻoihana pena a me ka lacquer.
He ʻala ʻoluʻolu ko nā Esters a hoʻohana nui ʻia i nā ʻoihana mea ʻala a me nā meaʻai e hāʻawi i nā ʻono a me nā ʻala like ʻole.
Ke Koʻikoʻi o nā Pūʻulu Hana i nā Hoʻohana Kūpono
Hiki i nā hui hana ke hoʻolālā a me ka hoʻohui ʻana o kahi ākea o nā molekala me nā waiwai kikoʻī a makemake ʻia. No ka laʻana, ma ka ʻoihana lāʻau lapaʻau, ʻo ke alo a i ʻole ka ʻole o kahi hui hana kikoʻī hiki ke hoʻololi i ka hana olaola o kahi lāʻau, ke kūpaʻa, a pehea e hana ai i loko o ke kino. Hiki i nā hui hana ke hoʻolālā i nā mea me nā waiwai mechanical, thermal, a i ʻole uila kikoʻī ma nā kahua o nā polymers a me nā mea i hui pū ʻia.
Ka hopena
He kuleana koʻikoʻi ko nā hui hana i ka hoʻoholo ʻana i nā waiwai kemika a me ke kino o nā hui kalapona. ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā ʻano like ʻole o nā hui hana, ko lākou reactivity, a me kā lākou noi ʻana ma nā ʻoihana like ʻole ke kī i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ʻenehana a me ka ʻepekema. Ma ka hoʻomau ʻana i ke aʻo ʻana a me ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā hui hana, hiki iā mākou ke hoʻomohala i nā mea hou a me nā ʻenehana e hiki ke hoʻololi i ke ʻano o ko mākou noho ʻana a me ka hana ʻana.
