Nā ʻAno o nā Pahū Lua Pele a me ko lākou mau ʻAno
ʻO nā lua pele kekahi o nā hanana kūlohelohe ikaika loa ma ka Honua. Ma lalo o ko lākou mau ʻano nani, mālama nā lua pele i ka ikehu nui e hiki ke hoʻokuʻu ʻia i kēlā me kēia manawa ma o nā pele ʻana. Hana ʻia nā pele ʻana ke piʻi aʻe ka magma mai lalo o ka ʻili ma muli o ke kaomi kinoea a me nā ʻokoʻa o ka nui, a laila pele ʻia ma ke ʻano he pele, lehu, pōhaku incandescent, a i ʻole ke kinoea pele. ʻO ka mea hoihoi, ʻokoʻa loa nā pele ʻana. He "mālie" kekahi a kahe ma ke ʻano he pele, aʻo kekahi he pahū nui, e luaʻi ana i nā kolamu lehu i luna i ka lewa. Hāʻawi kēia mau ʻokoʻa i kahi hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā ʻano pele, kēlā me kēia me kona mau ʻano ponoʻī, nā kumu, a me nā hoʻoweliweli.
Ma keʻano laulā, ua hoʻopili ʻia ke ʻano o ka pele e ka mānoanoa o ka magma, ka nui o ke kinoea, ka hoʻohuihui kemika (e.g., basaltic, andesitic, rhyolitic), a me ke kūlana o ke kahawai magma. ʻO ka mānoanoa o ka magma, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ke kinoea e pakele, e ʻae ana i ke kaomi e hōʻiliʻili a hoʻoulu i ka pahū. I ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka magma lahilahi e ʻae i ke kinoea e pakele, e ʻoi aku ka nui o ka effusive (kahe ʻana) o nā pele ma mua o ka pahū (pahū).
1. Ka pele ʻana o Hawaiʻi
ʻIke ʻia nā pele ʻano Hawaiʻi he mau pele mālie. ʻO ka magma ma ke ʻano laulā he basaltic, wai, a wela, e ʻae ana i ka pele e kahe maʻalahi i nā wahi lōʻihi. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona e komo pū me nā pūnāwai pele a me nā kahe pele e hana ana i nā muliwai pele ma nā pali.
Nā ʻano nui:
– He pele wai loa, ma luna o ia mea he mau kahe pele lōʻihi.
– Pahū liʻiliʻi a kokoke ʻole paha.
– ʻO ka mea pyroclastic (lehu, lapilli) he mea liʻiliʻi loa ia.
– Hoʻokumu i kahi lua pele pale me nā pali mālie.
Nā hopena a me nā pōʻino:
ʻO ka pōʻino nui, ʻo ia nā kahe pele, hiki ke hōʻino i nā wahi noho, ka ʻāina, a me nā pono hana. ʻOiai lākou e hāʻawi pinepine i ka manawa hoʻoneʻe lōʻihi ma mua o nā pahū pahū, e make mau ana nā kahe pele inā ālai ʻia ko lākou ala e nā wahi noho.
2. Ka pahū ʻana o Strombolian
ʻO ke ʻano Strombolian ka mea i hōʻike ʻia e nā pahū ʻana o ka lua pele i kēlā me kēia manawa e hoʻokuʻu ana i nā pōkā pele, nā lapilli, a me kekahi lehu. Hana ʻia kēia mau pahū ʻana i ka wā e piʻi aʻe ai nā pehu kinoea nui (nā slug kinoea) a pahū ma ka ʻili o ka lua pele. ʻOi aku ka pahū o lākou ma mua o nā pahū ʻana o Hawaiʻi, akā maʻamau he waena ka ikaika.
Nā ʻano nui:
– Nā pahū ʻana i kekahi manawa, ʻaʻole mau.
– Hoʻopuka i kahi pahū ʻana o nā pōkā pele incandescent.
– ʻAʻole kiʻekiʻe loa ke kolamu o ka pele.
– Hiki i ka pele ke kahe, akā, ʻaʻole ia he pele nui i nā manawa a pau.
Nā hopena a me nā pōʻino:
ʻO ka pōʻino nui loa ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o nā pōhaku incandescent a puni ka lua pele, kahi e hiki ai ke hoʻoulu i ke ahi a me ka nalowale o ke ola no nā mea piʻi a i ʻole nā mea noho kokoke i ka lua pele. Hiki ke hāʻule ka lehu, akā ʻaʻole ia he kaumaha e like me ka wā o ka pele nui.
3. Ka Pahū ʻana o ka Vulcanian
ʻOi aku ka pahū o nā pele Vulcanian a hana pinepine ʻia me ka magma mānoanoa (andesitic a dacitic). Hiki ke ālai ʻia ke kahawai magma e ka pele paʻa a mānoanoa, e ʻae ana i ke kaomi kinoea e hōʻiliʻili. Ke haki ka ālai, hoʻokuʻu kahi pahū ikaika i nā poloka pōhaku, ka lehu mānoanoa, a hana i kahi kolamu pele e hiki ke piʻi i luna i kekahi mau kilomita.
Nā ʻano nui:
– Nā pahū pōkole akā ikaika, hiki ke hana hou ʻia.
– He kolamu lehu ʻeleʻele a mānoanoa.
– He nui nā mea pyroclastic: lehu, lapilli, nā poloka.
– I kekahi manawa hele pū ʻia me nā nalu haʻalulu.
Nā hopena a me nā pōʻino:
Hiki i ka lehu nui ke hoʻoulu i nā pilikia hanu, hōʻino i nā mea kanu, hoʻopilikia i nā mokulele, a hiolo nā hale inā hōʻiliʻili. He mea weliweli nō hoʻi nā hiolo pōhaku nui i loko o kahi radius o kekahi mau kilomita.
4. Ka Pahū ʻana o Plinian (Plinian/Vesuvian)
ʻO nā pele ʻana o Plinian kekahi o nā mea ikaika loa a pahū. Ua kapa ʻia lākou ma hope o Pliny the Younger, nāna i hoʻopaʻa i ka pele ʻana o ka mauna ʻo Vesuvius i ka makahiki 79 AD. Hoʻopili pinepine ʻia kēia mau pele ʻana me ka magma viscous, waiwai i ka silica (dacitic-rhyolitic) me ka nui o ke kinoea. ʻO ka hopena, hiki i nā kolamu pele ke piʻi aʻe i nā ʻumi kilomita, a hiki i ka stratosphere.
Nā ʻano nui:
– Kiʻekiʻe loa ke kolamu o ka pele a hoʻomau ʻia.
– Ua pālahalaha nui ka lehu e ka makani, hiki ke hele ma waena o nā panalāʻau a me nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe.
– Hiki ke hana i nā kahe pyroclastic inā hiolo ke kolamu.
– Hoʻāla pinepine ia i ka pele ke hui pū ʻia me ka ua a i ʻole ka wai o ka muliwai.
Nā hopena a me nā pōʻino:
He nui nā pōʻino: ka lehu o ka ʻāina, ka hoʻopilikia ʻana o nā mokulele, ka pōʻino o ka mahiʻai, a me ka hoʻoweliweli o ke kahe ʻana o ka pyroclastic wikiwiki loa a wela. Hoʻoulu pinepine nā pele Plinian i nā pilikia kanaka ma muli o ko lākou hopena nui.
5. Ka Pahū ʻana o Pelean (Pelean)
ʻO ke ʻano Pelean e pili ana i nā pahū e pili ana i ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o kahi dome pele mai ka magma mānoanoa loa. Hiki i kēia dome ke hiolo i kēlā me kēia manawa, e hana ana i kahi kahe pyroclastic a i ʻole ke ao wela e iho koke ana i ke awāwa. ʻO ka inoa "Pelean" mai ka mauna ʻo Pelée ma Martinique, i pahū i ka makahiki 1902.
Nā ʻano nui:
– Hoʻokumu ʻia kahi dome pele mānoanoa ma ka piko/lua pele.
– Ua hoʻoulu ka hiolo ʻana o ka dome i kahi ao wela nui.
– Hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā kolamu lehu, akā ʻaʻole pinepine lākou i kiʻekiʻe e like me nā kolamu Plinian.
- Hiki i nā hana ke lōʻihi (mai nā pule a i nā mahina).
Nā hopena a me nā pōʻino:
ʻO nā ao wela ka hoʻoweliweli nui: hiki i ko lākou mahana ke piʻi i nā haneli degere Celsius a kiʻekiʻe loa ko lākou wikiwiki, e koi ana i ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana ma mua. Eia kekahi, hiki i nā avalanches o nā mea ke ālai i nā muliwai a hoʻoulu i nā lahars.
6. Ka pele ʻana o Surtseyan (Surtseyan)
Hiki mai ka pele ʻana o Surtseyan ke hālāwai ka magma me ke kai a i ʻole ka wai pāpaʻu, e hopena ana i ka pahū phreatomagmatic (he hopena o ka pilina magma-wai). Ua kapa ʻia kēia ʻano ma hope o ka mokupuni ʻo Surtsey ma Iceland, i puka mai kahi pele ʻana ma lalo o ka wai i nā makahiki 1960.
Nā ʻano nui:
– Ka pahū ʻana ma muli o ka hoʻopili ʻana ma waena o ka magma a me ka wai.
– Hoʻopuka i ka mahu wai, ka lehu maikaʻi, a me ka “base surge” (ka puhi ʻana ma ka ʻaoʻao).
– Hiki ke hana i nā mokupuni hou a i ʻole nā apo tuff.
– Maikaʻi ka lehu no ka mea ua ʻoki nui ʻia ka magma.
Nā hopena a me nā pōʻino:
ʻO nā pōʻino nui e komo pū ana me nā mea i hoʻolei ʻia, nā nalu ʻaoʻao, a me ka hoʻopilikia ʻana i ka hoʻouna ʻana a me ka mokulele ma ia wahi. Inā kokoke ia i ke kahakai, hiki i nā hopena ke hōʻea i nā wahi noho ma ke kahakai.
7. Pahū ʻana o ka Phreatic
ʻO ka pahū phreatic kahi pahū i hoʻoulu ʻia e ka mahu wai, ma mua o ka hoʻokuʻu pololei ʻana o ka magma hou. ʻO ka wai honua a i ʻole ka wai o luna i hoʻomehana ʻia e ka pōhaku wela e lilo i mahu kiʻekiʻe a pahū, e hoʻokuʻu ana i ka lehu, ka lepo, a me ka pōhaku kahiko mai ka puka makani.
Nā ʻano nui:
– ʻAʻole i hele mau ʻia me ka pele hou a i ʻole ka magma hou.
– Hiki ke koke a paʻakikī ke wānana i nā pahū ʻana.
– ʻO ka mea e puka mai ana he pinepine ia ma ke ʻano o nā ʻāpana pōhaku kahiko.
– Hiki ke ʻike koke ʻia nā kolamu mahu a me ka lehu.
Nā hopena a me nā pōʻino:
He mea weliweli nā pele ʻana o ka lua pele (phreatic) no ka mea pinepine lākou e hana me ka ʻole o nā hōʻailona pele i ʻike ʻia a hiki ke hōʻeha i nā poʻe kokoke i ka lua pele. ʻO ka hāʻule ʻana o nā pōhaku a me ka lehu o ka wahi he mea hoʻoweliweli nui ia, ʻoiai hoʻi i nā mākaʻikaʻi a me nā limahana ma ka ʻāpana piko.
Ke hoʻomaopopo nei i nā ʻano o ka pahū ʻana no ka hoʻēmi ʻana
ʻOi aku ka ʻike ʻana i nā ʻano pele ma mua o ka ʻike hoʻonaʻauao wale nō. He mea nui kēia ʻike no ka hoʻēmi ʻana i nā pōʻino: ke hoʻoholo ʻana i nā wahi pōpilikia, nā ala hoʻoneʻe, a me ka mākaukau o ke kaiāulu. Pono nā pele e like me nā mea ma Hawaiʻi e nānā i nā kahe pele a me ka pale ʻana i nā pono hana, ʻoiai ʻo nā pele pahū e like me Plinian a i ʻole Pelean e koi ana i ka hoʻoneʻe wikiwiki ʻana ma muli o ka hoʻoweliweli o nā kahe pyroclastic a me ka lehu ākea. Ma Indonesia, aia ma ka Pacific Ring of Fire, ʻo ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā ʻano o ka pele he mea nui ia e hōʻemi i ka pilikia o ka nalowale ʻana o ke ola.
ʻO ka mea hope loa, loaʻa i kēlā me kēia lua pele kona "ʻano" pele ponoʻī, hiki ke loli i ka hala ʻana o ka manawa, ma muli o ke kūlana o kona magma a me ka ʻōnaehana pele. No laila, ʻo ka nānā ʻana e nā keʻena ʻepekema lua pele, ka mālama ʻana i nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo o ka ʻāpana pōpilikia, a me ka hoʻonaʻauao lehulehu ka hui maikaʻi loa no ke kanaka e noho palekana me nā lua pele.
