## ʻAno Kūloko o ka Honua
ʻO ka Honua, ke kolu o ka honua mai ka Lā mai i loko o kā mākou ʻōnaehana lā, aia ma ke kikowaena o nā hanana geological hoihoi he nui. ʻO kahi ala e hoʻomaopopo ai i kēia mau hanana, ʻo ia ke aʻo ʻana i ke ʻano o loko o ka Honua. Ma kēia ʻatikala, e ʻimi mākou i nā papa like ʻole e hana ana i ka Honua, mai kona ʻili a hiki i kona kikowaena hohonu loa.
### 1. ʻŌpū o ka Honua
#### 1.1 ʻIli ʻĀina
ʻOkoʻa ka mānoanoa o ka ʻili honua, mai kahi o 30 a 70 kilomita. ʻO ia ka papa nui loa o nā pōhaku igneous, sedimentary, a me metamorphic a mākou e ʻike ai ma nā mauna, nā awāwa, a me nā plateaus. Hana nui ʻia ka ʻili honua me ka granite māmā a waiwai i nā minelala silicate e like me ka feldspar a me ka quartz.
#### 1.2 ʻIli Moana
ʻOi aku ka lahilahi a me ka mānoanoa o ka ʻili moana ma mua o ka ʻili ʻāina nui, me ka mānoanoa awelika ma kahi o 5 a 10 kilomita. Aia ma luna o ia mea nā pōhaku basalt a me nā pōhaku igneous ʻē aʻe i ʻoi aku ka ʻeleʻele a me ke kaumaha ma mua o ka granite. ʻO ka ʻili moana kahi e hana pinepine ai ka hana pele ma lalo o ka wai a me nā ōlaʻi.
### 2. ʻAʻahu komo
Aia ka ʻaʻahu komo ma lalo pono o ka ʻili honua a hiki i ka hohonu o kahi o 2.900 kilomita. Aia ia i ʻelua mau ʻāpana nui: ka ʻaʻahu komo o luna a me ka ʻaʻahu komo o lalo.
#### 2.1 ʻAʻahu luna
ʻO ka ʻaoʻao o luna o kēia mantle, i kapa ʻia ʻo ka lithosphere, he paʻa a pili i ka neʻe ʻana o nā papa tectonic. Ma lalo ona e waiho ana ka asthenosphere, ʻoi aku ka plastic a ʻae i ka neʻe convective. ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o ka mahana a me nā kaomi i loko o kēia papa e hoʻolilo i ka pōhaku i mea wai a ʻae i nā kahe convection e hoʻokele i ka neʻe ʻana o ka papa tectonic.
#### 2.2 ʻAʻahu Haʻahaʻa
Aia ka ʻāpana haʻahaʻa ma waena o 670 a me 2.900 kilomita ka hohonu a he mau pōhaku ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī a me ka mānoanoa. Eia nō naʻe, ke kākoʻo nei kēia ʻāina i nā au convection. Hiki i nā neʻe ʻana o kēia ʻāpana haʻahaʻa ke hoʻohuli i ka hana pele a me nā ōlaʻi ma ka ʻili o ka Honua.
### 3. ʻIwi Kūloko
ʻO ke kikowaena o ka Honua, a ua māhele ʻia i ʻelua ʻāpana: ke kikowaena o waho a me ke kikowaena o loko.
#### 3.1 ʻIwi Kūwaho
ʻO ke kikowaena waho he papa i hana ʻia me ka hao wai a me ka nikala aia ma ka hohonu ma waena o 2.900 a me 5.150 kilomita. ʻO ka neʻe ʻana o ka wai i loko o kēia kikowaena waho e hana i ke kahua magnetic o ka Honua, he mea koʻikoʻi no ka pale ʻana i ko kākou honua mai ka kukuna lā ʻino a me ka mālama ʻana i kona lewa.
#### 3.2 ʻŌnaehana Loko
He poepoe paʻa ke kikowaena o loko i hana ʻia me ka hui ʻana o ka hao a me ka nikala. ʻO ka hohonu o ke kikowaena o loko ma kahi o 5.150 a 6.371 kilomita ma lalo o ka ʻili o ka Honua. Noho paʻa ke kikowaena o loko ma muli o nā kaomi kiʻekiʻe loa, ʻoiai ke piʻi nei ka mahana ma kahi o 5.400°C. He kuleana koʻikoʻi ko ke kikowaena o loko i ka mālama ʻana i ke kūpaʻa o ke kahua magnetic o ka Honua.
### 4. Nā Hanana Honua
#### 4.1 Ka Neʻe ʻana o ka Papa Tectonic
Aia ka lithosphere i nā papa tectonic e lana ana ma luna o ka asthenosphere. Hoʻoulu kēia neʻe ʻana i nā hanana geological like ʻole e like me nā ōlaʻi, nā lua pele, a me ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o nā mauna. Ke kuʻi kēia mau papa, subduct (e piholo kekahi papa ma lalo o kekahi), a neʻe aku paha mai kekahi i kekahi, hiki i ka ikehu i hoʻokuʻu ʻia ke hoʻololi i ka ʻili o ka Honua.
#### 4.2 Ka Lua Pele
ʻO ka lua pele ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o ka magma mai ka ʻaʻahu o ka honua a i ka ʻili o ka Honua ma o nā lua pele. ʻAʻole wale kēia kaʻina hana e hoʻokumu i nā ʻāina hou akā hiki nō hoʻi ke hoʻoulu i nā pahū ʻino, e hoʻokuʻu ana i ka lehu, ka pele, a me nā kinoea i ka lewa.
#### 4.3 ʻŌlaʻi Honua
Hoʻokumu ʻia nā ʻōlaʻi e ka neʻe koke ʻana a i ʻole ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o ka ikehu i loko o nā papa tectonic. ʻO ka maʻamau, hana ʻia kēia mau mea ma nā palena o nā papa a i ʻole nā hemahema geological. Hiki i nā ʻōlaʻi ke hōʻino nui a loaʻa nā hopena ākea i ke ola ma ka ʻili o ka Honua.
### 5. Noiʻi a me ka ʻenehana
Hoʻohana nā kānaka ʻepekema i nā ʻano hana like ʻole e aʻo ai i ke ʻano o loko o ka Honua. ʻO kekahi o ia ʻano hana, ʻo ia ka seismology, kahi e pili ana i ka nānā ʻana i nā nalu seismic i hana ʻia e nā ōlaʻi. Ma ke aʻo ʻana pehea e hele ai kēia mau nalu ma o nā papa like ʻole o ka Honua, hiki i nā kānaka ʻepekema ke hoʻohālike i ke ʻano a me nā waiwai o nā mea i loko o ka Honua.
ʻO nā ʻano hana ʻē aʻe e pili ana i nā hoʻokolohua hoʻokolohua e hoʻohālike ana i ke kūlana kiʻekiʻe o ke kaomi a me ka mahana i loko o ka Honua, a me ka nānā pololei ʻana i nā mea geological i lawe ʻia mai i ka ʻili e ka hana pele.
### Hopena
Ua holomua koke ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke ʻano o loko o ka Honua mahalo i ka holomua o ka ʻenehana a me nā ʻano hana ʻepekema. Mai ka ʻili ma ka ʻili a hiki i ka hohonu loa, he kuleana koʻikoʻi ko kēlā me kēia papa o ka Honua i ka neʻe ʻana o ka honua. ʻAʻole wale ka noiʻi hou aku e hoʻonui i ko mākou ʻike no ka Honua akā e kōkua pū iā mākou e hoʻomākaukau maikaʻi no nā pōʻino kūlohelohe e like me nā ōlaʻi a me nā pele pele.
ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke ʻano o ka Honua e hāʻawi mai iā kākou i ka ʻike maikaʻi aʻe i kekahi o nā ʻano koʻikoʻi o ko kākou home—ʻo ia hoʻi ka Honua. He mea nui kēia ʻike ʻaʻole wale no ka ʻepekema akā no ke ola lōʻihi o ke kanaka ma ka honua a kākou e aloha nei.
