Ke Kuleana o ka Geology i ka ʻIke ʻana i nā Kumu Wai Maʻemaʻe
He pono nui ka wai maʻemaʻe e hoʻoholo ai i ke olakino o kānaka, ka huahana, a me ke ʻano o ke ola. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole i hoʻokaʻawale like ʻia kona loaʻa ʻana: ua waiwai kekahi mau wahi i nā kumuwaiwai wai, a ʻo kekahi e ʻike i ka maloʻo lōʻihi. Ma hope o kēia mau ʻokoʻa, he kuleana koʻikoʻi ko ka geology. ʻO ka geology—ke aʻo ʻana i ka honua, kona mau pōhaku, kona mau ʻano, a me nā kaʻina hana e hoʻopili ai iā lākou—he mea nui ia no ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i kahi e mālama ʻia ai ka wai, pehea e kahe ai ma lalo o ka ʻili, a pehea e mālama ai i kona ʻano. Ma ke ʻano o ka ʻike ʻana i nā kumu wai maʻemaʻe, ʻaʻole wale ke kōkua o ka geology i ka "loaʻa ʻana o ka wai" akā kōkua pū kekahi i ka hōʻoia ʻana he palekana, hoʻomau, a pili i ke kaiapuni ka wai.
1. Wai honua a me nā aquifers: nā "wai hoʻopaʻa wai" kūlohelohe ma lalo o ka ʻili
Loaʻa pinepine nā kumu wai maʻemaʻe mai ka wai honua. Mālama ʻia ka wai honua i loko o nā aquifers, nā papa pōhaku a i ʻole ka sediment e hiki ke mālama a hoʻokele i ka wai. ʻO ke ola ʻana o nā aquifers e hilinaʻi nui ʻia i ke ʻano o ka mea geological:
– ʻO ke one a me ka ʻiliʻili he kiʻekiʻe ka porosity a me ka permeability, e lilo ai lākou i mau aquifers maikaʻi.
– Hiki i ka pōhaku ʻōniʻoniʻo (pōhaku paʻa) ma nā wahi karst ke hana i kahi pūnaewele o nā lua a me nā kahawai honua, e mālama ana i ka nui o ka wai.
– ʻOi aku ka paʻa o nā pōhaku igneous a me nā pōhaku metamorphic, akā hiki ke lilo i mau aquifers inā he nui nā haki a i ʻole nā wahi ʻino.
– He liʻiliʻi loa nā pores o ka pālolo a he haʻahaʻa ka permeability, no laila hana nui ia ma ke ʻano he papa impermeable (aquitard) e "laka" ana i ka wai i loko o ka aquifer ma lalo.
Ma ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā ʻano o nā pōhaku a me nā sediment, hiki i ka poʻe geologists ke koho i kahi o nā aquifers, pehea ko lākou mānoanoa, a inā paha he lawa kā lākou huahua e hoʻokō ai i nā pono wai maʻemaʻe.
2. Palapala ʻāina honua: ke kaʻina mua i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka wai maʻemaʻe
ʻAʻole pinepine ka loaʻa ʻana o nā kumu wai maʻemaʻe ma o ka hoʻāʻo a me ka hewa. ʻO kekahi o nā hāʻawi nui o ka geology ka palapala ʻāina geological a me hydrogeological. Aia kēia palapala ʻāina i loko o:
- ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā ʻano pōhaku,
- nā ʻano hana honua e like me nā hewa a me nā pelu,
- ka mānoanoa o ka papa lepo,
– ke kuhikuhi o ka pali o ka papa (dip) e hoʻopilikia ana i ke kahe ʻana o ka wai.
Mai nā palapala ʻāina honua, hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻoholo i nā ʻāpana me nā wahi hoʻopiha hou, nā ala kahe wai honua, a me nā wahi i kūpono loa no ka ʻeli ʻana i ka luawai. No ka laʻana, ʻo nā pāpū alluvial kokoke i nā muliwai he nui nā waihona one-ʻiliʻili maikaʻi, ʻoiai ʻo nā wahi i hoʻomalu ʻia e ka lepo mānoanoa he haʻahaʻa ka hiki ke loaʻa ka wai honua a i ʻole nā luawai kahe haʻahaʻa.
3. ʻAno honua: nā hewa a me nā haki e like me nā "ala" wai
ʻAʻole wale ka neʻe ʻana o ka wai honua ma o nā lua i loko o nā sediments akā ma o nā haki a me nā hewa i loko o nā pōhaku. Ma nā wahi puʻu a mauna paha, hiki i nā hewa ke hana ma ke ʻano he "alanui" no ka wai e komo a kahe. ʻO ka hopena, hiki i nā wahi a puni kekahi mau hewa ke loaʻa nā pūnāwai nui.
Eia nō naʻe, hiki i nā ʻano hana honua ke hoʻopilikia i nā pilikia. Hiki i nā hewa ke hana ma ke ʻano he ala no nā mea haumia mai ka ʻili e komo i nā aquifers, ʻoiai kahi i nele ai ka hoʻohana ʻāina (e.g., ka wai hoʻoneoneo home a i ʻole ka mahiʻai nui). Maanei kahi e pāʻani ai ka geology i kahi kuleana koʻikoʻi: ʻaʻole wale i ka ʻike ʻana i nā wahi waiwai i ka wai akā i ka loiloi ʻana i ko lākou nāwaliwali i ka haumia.
4. Geophysics a me ka ʻeli ʻana: e hōʻoia ana i nā pahuhopu wai ma mua o ka ʻeli ʻia ʻana o ka luawai
Ma hope o ke kahua palapala ʻāina, hana nā geologists me nā ʻano hana geophysical e "ʻike" i nā kūlana o lalo o ka honua me ka ʻole o ka ʻeli ʻana. ʻO nā ʻano hana i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia:
– Geoelectric (resistivity): kōkua i ka ʻike ʻana i nā papa i piha i ka wai, hoʻokaʻawale i ke one i piha i ka wai mai ka lepo, a kuhi i ka hohonu o nā aquifers.
– Ka seismic pāpaʻu: pono no ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka stratigraphy sediment a me nā palena papa.
– GPR (radar komo honua) ma lalo o kekahi mau kūlana: e ʻike i nā papa pāpaʻu a i ʻole nā lua karst.
A laila hoʻohui ʻia nā hopena wehewehe geophysical me ka ʻikepili geological e hoʻoholo ai i nā wahi ʻeli pono. I ka wā o ka ʻeli ʻana, hiki i nā geologists ke hana i nā log lithology (nā moʻolelo o nā papa pōhaku i komo ʻia), hoʻoholo i nā manawa aquifer, a paipai pū i ke kau ʻana o nā pale luawai ma ka hohonu kūpono. Hoʻonui kēia i nā manawa kūpono e loaʻa ai ke kahe wai paʻa a me ka maikaʻi o ka wai.
5. Kemika Honua: ka loiloi ʻana i ka maikaʻi a me ka palekana o ka wai
ʻAʻole lawa ka loaʻa ʻana o ka wai; pono e palekana a kūlike i nā kūlana. He kuleana ko Geology i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka pilina o ka wai me nā pōhaku e hiki ke hoʻopilikia i ka maikaʻi o ka wai, no ka laʻana:
ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hao (Fe) a me ka manganese (Mn) i loko o kekahi mau aquifers ke kumu o ka wai i kahi ʻala a i ʻole ke kala.
– Hiki i nā wahi pele ke hoʻopuka i ka wai me ka nui o kekahi mau minelala.
– Hiki i nā pōhaku i loaʻa kekahi mau mea ke hoʻoulu i nā pilikia e like me ka nui o ka arsenic a i ʻole ka fluoride (ma muli o nā kūlana kūloko).
– Hiki i ke komo ʻana o ka wai kai i nā wahi kahakai ke hoʻonui i ka paʻakai o ka wai honua.
Ma o ka nānā ʻana i ka geochemical, hiki ke hoʻoholo ʻia inā kūpono ka wai no ka inu ʻana, pono ke hana ʻana (kānana ʻana, aeration, palupalu), a inā paha he pono ke koho i kahi aquifer ʻē aʻe a palekana.
6. Karst a me nā pūnāwai: nā manawa kūpono a me nā pilikia nui
Ua ʻike pinepine ʻia nā wahi Karst (pōhaku limestone) no ko lākou mau pūnāwai nui. Hoʻokahe koke ka wai ua ma o nā dolines, nā haki, a me nā māwae, a laila puka mai ma ke ʻano he pūnāwai ma ka wāwae o ka puʻu. ʻOiai he mea kupaianaha kona hiki, he nāwaliwali nō hoʻi ke karst: no ka mea, kahe wikiwiki ka wai ma o nā kahawai nui, he liʻiliʻi ke kaʻina kānana kūlohelohe o ka lepo. ʻO ka hopena, he maʻalahi loa ke karst i ka haumia mai ka ʻōpala home, ka mahi holoholona, a i ʻole nā hana ʻoihana.
Kōkua ka Geology i ka palapala ʻāina ʻana i nā ʻōnaehana karst: nā wahi komo, nā kahawai ma lalo o ka honua, a me nā wahi hopu wai. Ma kēia ʻano, hiki ke hoʻolālā ʻia ka pale ʻana i nā wahi komo e mālama i ka maikaʻi o ka wai maʻemaʻe.
7. ʻO ka ʻāina honua a me ke kūpaʻa: ke pale ʻana i nā pilikia wai e hiki mai ana
Pono e mālama ʻia nā kumu wai maʻemaʻe e pale aku i ka pau ʻana. He kuleana ko Geology i ka helu ʻana:
- ka mana o ka wai wai,
- ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻouka hou ʻana,
- ka hopena o ka hoʻokahe ʻana o ka wai ma nā pae wai honua,
– ka hiki ke emi ka ʻāina ma muli o ka hoʻohana nui ʻana.
Ma nā kūlanakauhale nui, ʻo ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka wai honua ma mua o ka hoʻouka hou ʻana hiki ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa nui i ka papa wai, hoʻoulu i ke komo ʻana o ka wai kai ma ke kahakai, a hoʻoulu i ka emi ʻana. Ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi ala hydrogeological, hiki i ka hoʻokele wai ke kaulike i nā pono kanaka a me nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe, no ka laʻana, ma o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o nā luawai, ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā luawai hana, a me ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā papahana mālama komo.
8. Hoʻohui ʻia me ka hoʻolālā spatial a me ka hoʻēmi ʻana i ka pilikia
He mea nui nō hoʻi ka ʻepekema honua i ka hoʻolālā ʻana i ka wahi. Pono e hoʻololi ʻia nā wahi o nā luawai, nā kahua wai maʻemaʻe, a me nā wahi palekana wai i nā kūlana ʻepekema honua kūloko. Eia kekahi laʻana:
– Mai hoʻonoho i nā luawai kokoke i nā ʻōpala a i ʻole nā pahu septic ma nā wahi permeable loa.
– E mālama i nā ululāʻau a me nā wahi hopu wai ma nā wahi uka e hoʻonui i ka komo ʻana.
– E hoʻoholo i ka mamao palekana ma waena o ka luawai a me nā kumu haumia kūpono.
– Ke wānana nei i nā pōʻino e like me nā waikahe a me nā ʻāina hoʻohele e hiki ke hōʻino i nā pono wai.
Ma kēia ʻano, kōkua ka geology i ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka pilikia o ka hoʻopilikia ʻana i nā lako wai maʻemaʻe a mālama i kona ʻano i ka wā lōʻihi.
Ka hopena
He mea nui ke kuleana o ka geology i ka ʻike ʻana i nā kumu wai maʻemaʻe. Ma o ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā aquifers, ka palapala ʻana i nā pōhaku a me nā hale, ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano geophysical, ka loiloi geochemical, a me nā haʻawina hoʻomau, hiki i ka geology ke hana ʻia ka ʻimi wai ma ke ʻano ʻepekema, me ka pono, a me ka palekana. I waena o ka ulu ʻana o ka heluna kanaka, ke kūlanakauhale, a me ka loli o ke aniau, ke lilo nei kahi ala geological i mea nui e hōʻoia i ke komo kaulike a me ka hoʻomau i ka wai maʻemaʻe. Ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka geology ma ke ʻano he kumu no ka hoʻolālā a me ka hoʻokele, ʻaʻole wale nā kaiāulu e ʻike i ka wai akā pale pū i kona mau kumu no nā hanauna e hiki mai ana.
