Ke ʻIke ʻana i nā Kumuwaiwai Minerala ma ke Kai Hohonu
Ua ʻike ʻia ka moana hohonu no ka manawa lōʻihi ʻo ia ka ʻāina pohihihi loa ma ka Honua. ʻO kona hohonu, hiki ke piʻi i nā tausani mika, nā mahana haʻahaʻa, nā kaomi koʻikoʻi, a me ka pouli loa e hoʻolilo i ka ʻimi ʻana i mea pipiʻi a paʻakikī. Eia naʻe, me kēia mau palena, loaʻa i ka moana hohonu ka hiki ke loaʻa nā kumuwaiwai mineral. Hoʻokumu ʻia kēia mau mineral ma o nā kaʻina hana geological lōʻihi, i hoʻopili ʻia e ka hana pele ma lalo o ka wai, ke kaʻapuni hydrothermal, a me ka ua kemika. I ka hoʻomau ʻana o ka noi honua no nā mea maka ʻenehana—e like me ka nickel, cobalt, keleawe, manganese, a me nā mea honua kakaikahi—e hoʻomau nei ka piʻi ʻana, ʻo ka ʻike ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai mineral moana hohonu e lilo nei i mea nui o ka noiʻi a me ka ʻoihana.
No ke aha i mālama ai ka Moana Hohonu i nā Minerala?
ʻAʻole ʻike wale ʻia nā kumuwaiwai mineral i loko o ke kai hohonu. ʻO ia ka hopena o ka hui pū ʻana o nā kaʻina hana geological, kemika, a me ke olaola e hana ʻia ana ma ka papahele o ke kai. Ma nā kualono waena o ke kai, neʻe nā papa tectonic e kaʻawale ana, e ʻae ana i ka magma e piʻi aʻe a hana i ka ʻili moana hou. Ma laila, komo ka wai kai i loko o nā māwae i loko o ka pōhaku, hoʻomehana ʻia e ka magma, hoʻoheheʻe i nā mineral mai ka pōhaku, a laila puka aku ma ke ʻano he wai wela, waiwai i ka metala ma o nā puka hydrothermal. Ke hui nā wai wela me ka wai kai anuanu, ua hoʻopūʻiwa nā metala, e hana ana i nā ʻano like me ke kapuahi a me nā waihona nui.
Ma nā wahi ʻē aʻe, ʻoiai hoʻi nā pāpū ākea o ka abyssal, lawe nā au o ke kai i nā mea liʻiliʻi i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia e hoʻomoe mālie ana i nā miliona o nā makahiki, e hana ana i nā nodules mineral. He lohi loa kēia kaʻina hana, akā ʻo ka hopena ia i ka hōʻiliʻili nui ʻana o nā mineral ma kahi pae ʻāina.
Nā ʻAno o nā Kumuwaiwai Minerala ma ke Kai Hohonu
Ma keʻano laulā, aia ʻekolu ʻano o nā waihona mineral moana hohonu i kūkākūkā pinepine ʻia.
1. Nā Nodules Polymetallic
He liʻiliʻi nā nodules polymetallic, poepoe a i ʻole nā pōhaku ʻano ʻē, maʻamau he mau kenimika ke anawaena, i hoʻopuehu ʻia ma luna o ka ʻili o nā sediments o ka papahele kai ma ka hohonu o 4.000-6.000 mika. Waiwai kēia mau nodules i ka manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), keleawe (Cu), a me ka cobalt (Co). Hoʻokumu ʻia lākou ma o ka ua ʻana o nā mea i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ka wai kai a i ʻole mai nā pores i loko o nā sediments, e hoʻopuni mālie ana i nā ʻōpū liʻiliʻi (e like me nā ʻāpana pōhaku a i ʻole nā niho manō).
ʻO ka ʻāina kaulana loa ʻo ia ka Clarion-Clipperton Zone (CCZ) ma ka Moana Pākīpika, i kapa pinepine ʻia ʻo ia kekahi o nā "mālama" nui loa o nā nodules polymetallic. Kiʻekiʻe kona hiki ke hoʻokele waiwai ma muli o kona nui o nā metala e pono ai no nā pila a me ka ʻoihana ikehu hou.
2. Nā ʻōpala Ferromanganese waiwai i ka Cobalt
Hoʻokumu ʻia ka ʻili Ferromanganese ma ke ʻano he papa paʻakikī e uhi ana i ka ʻili pōhaku ma nā pali o nā puʻu kai ma kahi hohonu o 800-2.500 mika. ʻO nā mea nui o loko he manganese a me ka hao, akā ʻo ka mea hoihoi, ʻo ia ke kiʻekiʻe o ka cobalt, a me ke alo o nā mea honua laha ʻole a me ka tellurium he mea nui ia no ka ʻenehana kiʻekiʻe.
ʻAʻole e like me nā nodules i loaʻa i loko o nā sediments, ua hoʻokomo ʻia nā ʻōpala ferromanganese i loko o ka pōhaku moe. No laila, ʻokoʻa kā lākou mau ʻano ʻike a me ka hiki ke mining, e koi ana i nā ana topographic kikoʻī a me nā palapala ʻāina geological.
3. Nā Sulfide Nui Hydrothermal (Nā Sulfide Nui o ka Papahele o ke Kai / SMS)
Hoʻokumu ʻia nā sulfides nui hydrothermal a puni nā puka hydrothermal, ʻoi aku hoʻi ma nā kualono waena o ke kai, nā piʻo pele ma lalo o ka wai, a me nā kīʻaha back-arc. Nui kēia mau waihona i ke keleawe, ka zinc, ke kēpau, ke gula, a me ke kālā. Ma ke ʻano ʻike, ʻike pinepine ʻia nā wahi hydrothermal e nā "mea puhi ʻeleʻele" a i ʻole nā "mea puhi keʻokeʻo" e hoʻokuʻu ana i nā wai wela a me nā minelala.
Ua manaʻo ʻia ua like nā waihona SMS me kekahi mau ʻano waihona ʻaihao honua i hoʻokumu ʻia i nā wahi kai kahiko. No ka mea he waiwai lākou i nā metala waiwai nui, huki ka SMS i ka manaʻo, akā aia pinepine lākou ma kahi kokoke i nā ʻōnaehana ola kū hoʻokahi a koʻikoʻi.
Nā ʻanuʻu e ʻike ai i nā minelala ma ke Kai Hohonu
ʻAʻole hiki ke hana ʻia ka ʻike ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai mineral ma ke kai hohonu me hoʻokahi ʻano hana. He nui nā ʻanuʻu o ke kaʻina hana, mai ka wahi kūloko a i ka wahi kikoʻī.
1. Haʻawina mua a me ke Hoʻohālike ʻIkepili
ʻO ka pae mua i pili i kahi noiʻi geological ʻāpana e pili ana i ka ʻikepili tectonic, nā palapala ʻāina bathymetric, a me ka ʻike oceanographic. Ua ʻimi nā kānaka noiʻi i nā hōʻailona o nā wahi hoʻokumu waihona: nā pāpū abyssal no nā nodules, nā puʻu kai no ka ʻili cobalt, a me nā wahi pele/tectonic hana no nā waihona sulfide.
Hoʻohana pinepine kēia mau kumu hoʻohālike i ka ʻikepili ukali e palapala i nā ʻano like ʻole o ke koʻikoʻi e hōʻike ana i ke alo o nā puʻu kai a i ʻole nā hale ʻili moana kikoʻī. ʻOiai ʻaʻole "ʻike" pololei nā satelite i nā minelala, kōkua lākou i ka palapala ʻāina ʻana i nā pahuhopu ʻimi.
2. Anamanaʻo Honua: Ke Palapala ʻĀina ʻana i ke ʻAno a me ke Kūkulu ʻana o ka Moena Kai
ʻO nā ana honua ke kumu o ka ʻimi ʻana. ʻO kekahi o nā ʻano hana nui:
– ʻO ka echosounder multibeam e palapala i ka bathymetry me nā kikoʻī, e hana ana i nā palapala ʻāina 3D o ka moena kai.
– ʻO ka sonar ʻaoʻao-scan e palapala i ke ʻano o ka ʻilikai. Hiki i nā nodules, ka pele, ka sediment maikaʻi, a i ʻole ka ʻili paʻakikī ke hana i nā ʻano hoʻohālikelike like ʻole.
– Mea hōʻikeʻike ma lalo o ka ʻilikai e nānā i nā papa lepo ma lalo o ka ʻilikai, he mea pono loa ia no ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka mānoanoa o ka lepo a me nā kūlana o nā nodules.
– ʻO ka Magnetometer a me ka gravimeter e ʻike i nā ʻano magnetic a me ka umekaumaha e pili ana paha i ka hana pele a me nā ʻano hana honua.
Ma o ka hui pū ʻana o kēia mau ʻano hana, hiki i nā hui noiʻi ke hoʻohaiki i ka wahi i manaʻo ʻia ma mua o ka hana ʻana i ka laʻana pipiʻi.
3. Ka Laʻana a me ka Nānā Geochemical
ʻAʻole hiki ke hana ʻia kahi ʻike mineral hilinaʻi me ka ʻole o ka laʻana. Hana ʻia ka laʻana moana hohonu me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano mea hana like ʻole:
– Dredge (mea hana ʻeli) e wehe i nā pōhaku mai nā pali mauna kai a i ʻole nā wahi pōhaku.
– ʻO ka mea ʻeli pahu a me ka mea ʻeli umekaumaha e lawe i ka lepo a me nā nodules mai ka ʻilikai.
– ROV (Remotely Operated Vehicle) a me AUV (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle) hiki ke kiʻi, palapala ʻāina, a lawe i nā laʻana me ka pololei.
– CTD rosette e ana i nā ʻano wai (conductivity, mahana, hohonu) a lawe i nā laʻana wai, he mea nui no ka ʻike ʻana i nā plumes hydrothermal.
A laila ua kālailai ʻia nā laʻana i loko o ka hale hana e hoʻoholo ai i ko lākou ʻano kemika (e laʻa, me ka hoʻohana ʻana iā XRF, ICP-MS), mineralogy (XRD), a me nā ʻano kino e like me ka porosity a me ka paʻakikī. Hoʻoholo nā hopena o kēia mau loiloi i ka nui o ka metala a me ka waiwai hoʻokele waiwai.
4. Palapala ʻĀina Kumuwaiwai a me ka Kuhi ʻana o ka Mālama Waiwai
Ma hope o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i ka ʻikepili geophysical a me geochemical, ʻo ka hana aʻe e hoʻohālike i ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka waihona: ka mānoanoa o ka ʻili, ka nui o nā nodule no ka mika kuea, a i ʻole ka nui o ka waihona sulfide. ʻO kēia kahi e hoʻohana ʻia ai nā ʻano helu helu geospatial e kuhi i nā kumuwaiwai. Pono pinepine nā kuhi mālama i nā haʻawina hou aʻe no ka mea e hilinaʻi ana lākou i ka hiki ke hana ʻenehana, nā kumukūʻai hana, a me nā lula.
Nā Pilikia a me nā Manaʻo no ke Kaiapuni
ʻO ka ʻike ʻana i nā minelala i loko o ke kai hohonu ʻaʻole wale ia he pilikia loea a me ka hoʻokele waiwai, akā he pilikia kaiaola nō hoʻi. Hoʻōla mālie nā ʻōnaehana ola o ke kai hohonu. Loaʻa i nā kaʻina hana ʻimi nui ka hiki ke hoʻopilikia i nā sediments, hoʻonui i ka turbidity, a hoʻololi i nā wahi noho. I loko o nā waihona hydrothermal, ʻo ka pilikia nui loa ka hoʻopilikia ʻana i nā kaiāulu biota kū hoʻokahi e hilinaʻi nei i ka ikehu kemika (chemosynthesis) ma mua o ka photosynthesis.
Eia kekahi, aia nā wahi kūpono he nui i loko o nā wai honua, i hoʻoponopono ʻia e ka International Seabed Authority (ISA). ʻO nā lula, nā ʻae ʻimi, a me nā kūlana kaiapuni he mau mea koʻikoʻi ma mua o ka holomua ʻana o nā hana mai ka ʻike ʻana a i ka hoʻohana ʻana.
Ka Wā E Hiki Mai Ana o ka ʻIke ʻana i nā Minerala o ke Kai Hohonu
Ke hoʻolalelale nei nā holomua ʻenehana i ka hiki o ke kanaka ke hoʻomaopopo i ka papa kai. Ke lilo nei nā mea ʻike geochemical i mea ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi, ke lilo nei nā lopako wai i mea ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī, a ke kōkua nei ka hana ʻikepili e pili ana i ka naʻauao hana i ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā ʻano ʻikepili like ʻole e ʻike i nā ʻano i ʻike ʻole ʻia ma mua. I ka wā e hiki mai ana, e ʻoi aku ka pololei o ka palapala ʻāina mineral kai hohonu me kahi ala "papa kai kikohoʻe" - kahi kumu hoʻohālike virtual o ka papa kai e hoʻonui mau ʻia me ka ʻikepili manawa maoli.
Eia nō naʻe, pono e kaulike ʻia kēia mana i hoʻonui ʻia me ke aupuni ikaika. ʻAʻole pono ka ʻike ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai mineral e alualu wale i ka hiki ke hoʻokele waiwai, akā e hōʻoia pū hoʻi e hele pū ka ʻepekema, ka mālama ʻana, a me ke kaulike ma waena o nā lāhui.
Pani
ʻO ka ʻike ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai mineral i loko o ke kai hohonu he hana paʻakikī ia e hoʻohui pū ana i ka geology, geophysics, oceanography, a me ka ʻenehana robotic. ʻO nā waihona e like me nā nodules polymetallic, nā ʻōpala ferromanganese waiwai cobalt, a me nā hydrothermal massive sulfides e paʻa ana i nā metala koʻikoʻi i ka ʻoihana hou. Eia nō naʻe, pono nā pilikia hana a me nā pilikia kaiapuni i ka ʻike akahele, i hoʻokele ʻia e ka ʻikepili, a me ka mālama ʻana i nā lula honua. Me kahi ala ʻepekema kuleana, hiki ke hoʻomaopopo maikaʻi ʻia ke kai hohonu—ʻaʻole wale ma ke ʻano he kumu o nā mineral, akā, ma ke ʻano he ʻōnaehana olaola waiwai nui i ka honua.
Inā makemake ʻoe, hiki iaʻu ke hoʻololi i kēia ʻatikala i loko o kahi mana hoʻonaʻauao (me nā ʻōlelo kuhikuhi a me kahi papa inoa puke), a i ʻole e kākau i kahi mana kaulana no ka poʻe heluhelu maʻamau.
