He aha ka Geomorphology a me kāna mau Subdisciplines?
ʻO Geomorphology kahi lālā o ka ʻepekema honua e aʻo ana i nā ʻano o ka ʻili o ka Honua (nā ʻano ʻāina), nā kaʻina hana e hoʻopili ai iā lākou, a me nā loli e kū mai ana i ka hala ʻana o ka manawa. E noʻonoʻo i nā mauna, nā awāwa muliwai, nā kahakai, nā pāpū waikahe, a me nā puʻu neoneo; he mau mea a pau o ke aʻo ʻana i ka geomorphology. Aia kēia ʻepekema ma ke kihi o ka honua kino, ka geology, ka hydrology, ka climatology, a me ka ecology, ʻoiai ʻo ka hoʻokumu ʻana a me ka ulu ʻana o nā ʻano ʻāina e pili mau ana i nā pilina paʻakikī ma waena o nā mea pōhaku, ka wai, ka makani, ka hau, ka umekaumaha, a me ka hana a ke kanaka.
I nā huaʻōlelo maʻalahi, hoʻāʻo ka geomorphology e pane i ʻekolu mau nīnau nui: (1) he aha nā ʻāina a mākou e ʻike nei i kēia lā, (2) he aha nā kaʻina hana i hoʻohālikelike iā lākou, a (3) pehea i loli ai kēlā mau ʻāina i ka wā ma mua a e loli ana i ka wā e hiki mai ana. He mea nui kēia ʻike no ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā pilikia pōʻino (nā kahe, nā ʻāina hoʻohele, ka ʻānai ʻana), ka hoʻokele kahakai a me nā ʻāpana wai, ka hoʻolālā ʻāina, ka ʻimi ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai, a me ka mālama ʻana i ke kaiapuni.
Ka laulā o ka Geomorphology
ʻO ka laulā o ka geomorphology e pili ana i ka nānā ʻana i nā ʻano ʻāina (morphology), nā mea i hoʻohui ʻia (lithology), nā ʻano geological (e.g., nā hewa a me nā pelu), a me nā dinamika o nā kaʻina hana ʻili. Hoʻolālā pinepine nā geomorphologists i nā ʻano ʻāina, ana i nā gradients pali, kālailai i nā ʻano kahe o ka muliwai, wehewehe i ka mōʻaukala o ka uplift tectonic, a helu i nā helu erosion a me ka sedimentation. ʻOkoʻa nā ʻano hana i hoʻohana ʻia, mai ka nānā ʻana i ke kahua a me ka wehewehe ʻana i nā kiʻi satellite a hiki i ka palapala ʻāina GIS a me ke kumu hoʻohālike helu, a hiki i ka geological dating (e.g., radiocarbon a i ʻole luminescence dating) e hoʻoholo ai i ka makahiki o nā sediments.
I ka hana maoli, hoʻoikaika pū ka geomorphology i ka pilina ma waena o nā unahi spatial a me ka manawa. He wikiwiki kekahi mau hana, e like me nā ʻāina hoʻohele, e hana ʻia i loko o nā minuke a i ʻole nā hola, aʻo kekahi he lohi, e like me ka ʻino ʻana o ka pōhaku a i ʻole ka ʻino mauna, hiki ke hala i nā tausani a i ʻole miliona mau makahiki. ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i kēia mau unahi e kōkua i nā ʻepekema a me nā mea hoʻolālā ʻāina e hana i nā hoʻoholo naʻauao.
Nā Manaʻo Kumu: Nā Kaʻina Endogenous a me Exogenous
Ma keʻano laulā, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻano ʻāina i nā kaʻina hana endogenous a me exogenous. Hoʻomaka nā kaʻina hana endogenous i loko o ka Honua, ʻo ia hoʻi nā tectonics a me ka volcanism, e hana ana i nā mauna, nā plateaus, a me nā ʻano hewa. Hana nā kaʻina hana exogenous ma luna o ka ʻili, e like me ka weathering, erosion, ka lawe ʻana o ka sediment, a me ka waiho ʻana e ka wai, ka makani, nā nalu, a i ʻole ka hau. ʻO nā ʻano ʻāina a mākou e ʻike nei, ʻo ia ka hopena o kahi "tug-of-war" mau ma waena o ka uplift e nā tectonics a me ka flattening (denudation) e nā kaʻina hana exogenous.
ʻĀpana o Geomorphology
Ua ulu aʻe ka Geomorphology i loko o kekahi mau ʻano hana liʻiliʻi e kālele ana i nā mea hoʻokumu kikoʻī, nā wahi kikoʻī, a i ʻole nā ʻano hana kikoʻī. Eia nā ʻano hana liʻiliʻi nui i aʻo pinepine ʻia.
1. Geomorphology o ke Kai (Nā Muliwai)
Ke aʻo nei ka geomorphology fluvial i nā ʻano ʻāina i hoʻokumu ʻia e ke kahe ʻana o ka muliwai, me nā muliwai ponoʻī, nā pāpū waikahe, nā ʻāpana muliwai, nā deltas, a me nā mea pā alluvial. ʻO nā kaʻina hana koʻikoʻi i nā ʻōnaehana fluvial ka ʻino ʻana, ka lawe ʻana o ka sediment, a me ka sedimentation. Hiki i nā muliwai ke ʻano ʻē, ulana ʻia, a pololei paha, ma muli o ka pali, ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana, a me ka loaʻa ʻana o ka sediment.
He mea koʻikoʻi nā haʻawina wai no ka hoʻokele waikahe, ka hoʻolālā ʻana i nā pono hana o ke alahaka, ka kaohi ʻana i ka sedimentation o nā waihona wai, a me ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i ka muliwai. No ka laʻana, hiki i nā loli i ka hoʻohana ʻāina ma uka ke hoʻonui i ka ʻino ʻana, e hōʻiliʻili ai ka sediment ma lalo o ka muliwai, e hoʻonui ana i ka pilikia o ke kahe ʻana.
2. Ke ʻAno Honua o ke Kahakai
Nānā kēia ʻāpana ʻāina i nā ʻano ʻāina ma nā wahi kahakai i hoʻopilikia ʻia e nā nalu, nā au, nā kai, a me ka piʻi ʻana o ka ʻilikai. ʻO nā ʻano ʻāina kahakai e komo pū ana me nā kahakai one, nā pali, nā lua, nā tombolos, nā loko, nā puʻu one kahakai, nā mangrove, a me nā pāpū kai.
ʻO nā pilikia koʻikoʻi i ka geomorphology kahakai e pili ana i ka abrasion a me ka accretion (hoʻohui ʻāina), nā hopena o ka hoʻomohala ʻana (nā awa, ka hoʻihoʻi ʻāina), a me ka loli o ke aniau, ka mea e hoʻoulu ai i ka piʻi ʻana o ka ʻilikai a hoʻonui i ka pilikia o ke kai eʻe. Ma nā wahi he nui, ʻo ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka geomorphology kahakai ke kumu no ka hoʻolālā ʻana i ke kāʻei ʻōmaʻomaʻo, ka pale ʻana i ke kahakai, a me ka hoʻoholo ʻana i nā wahi palekana no ka hoʻomohala ʻana.
3. ʻO ke ʻano honua Aeolian (Makaʻi)
Ke aʻo nei ka geomorphology Aeolian i nā kaʻina hana a me nā ʻano ʻāina i hoʻohālikelike ʻia e ka makani, ʻoi aku hoʻi ma nā wahi maloʻo (nā wao nahele) a i ʻole nā wahi kahakai one. ʻO nā kaʻina hana nui ka deflation (ka hāpai ʻana i nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi), ka abrasion ma ka puhi ʻana i ke one, a me ka waiho ʻana o ke one, kahi e hana ai i nā one.
ʻOkoʻa nā ʻano one one, me ka barchan, parabolic, linear, a me ke ʻano hōkū, i hoʻopili ʻia kēlā me kēia e ke kuhikuhi o ka makani, ka nui o ke one, a me nā mea kanu. He mea pili nō hoʻi nā haʻawina Aeolian no ka hoʻēmi ʻana i nā ʻino lepo, ka kaohi ʻana i ka neʻe ʻana o ke one e hiki ke hoʻopilikia i nā noho ʻana a i ʻole ka ʻāina mahiʻai, a me ka wehewehe ʻana i nā aniau i hala mai nā waihona one.
4. Ke ʻano honua o ka hau a me ka periglacial
Ke aʻo nei ka geomorphology glacial i nā ʻano ʻāina i hoʻohālikelike ʻia e ka hau/nā hau, e like me nā awāwa ʻano U, nā morenae, nā drumlins, a me nā fjords. ʻOiai ua kaupalena ʻia nā hau o kēia wā i nā ʻāina polar a me nā mauna kiʻekiʻe, ua laha nā koena o nā hau i hala a hāʻawi i nā hōʻailona koʻikoʻi i ka mōʻaukala o ke aniau o ka Honua.
I kēia manawa, ke aʻo nei ka geomorphology periglacial i nā kaʻina hana ma nā wahi anuanu i uhi ʻole ʻia e ka hau mau loa akā e ʻike ana i ka hau nui a me ka heheʻe ʻana, e like me ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o ka ʻāina patterned, solifluction, a me ka pōʻino o ka pali i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka hau heave. He mea koʻikoʻi kēia ʻike no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻoihana ma nā wahi latitude kiʻekiʻe i hoʻopilikia ʻia e ka permafrost.
5. Ke ʻAno Honua o Karst
Ke aʻo nei ka geomorphology Karst i nā ʻano ʻāina i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ʻana o nā pōhaku hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia e like me ka limestone, dolomite, a i ʻole gypsum. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona maʻamau o ka karst e komo pū me nā ana, nā lua hohonu, nā lua hohonu, nā muliwai ma lalo o ka honua, a me nā hale kiaʻi karst.
He mea koʻikoʻi ke karst no nā waiwai wai no ka mea he nui nā wahi karst i loaʻa nā aquifers nui, akā he mea palupalu hoʻi ia i ka haumia no ka mea e kahe koke ana ka wai me ka ʻole o ka kānana lepo kūpono. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka pilikia o ka ʻāina hāʻule (sinkholes) he mea hopohopo ia i ka hoʻolālā noho ʻana a me nā ʻoihana.
6. Ke ʻano honua o ka lua pele
Ke nānā nei kēia ʻāpana ʻāina i nā ʻano ʻāina i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka hana pele, e like me nā cone pele, nā calderas, nā dome pele, nā pāpū pele, a me nā waihona pyroclastic. Hiki i nā kaʻina hana pele ke hoʻololi koke i ka topography, akā ua hele pū ʻia lākou me nā kaʻina hana erosion a me ka weathering e hana ana i nā ʻano pali ʻokoʻa.
He kuleana koʻikoʻi ko ka geomorphology pele i ka hoʻēmi ʻana i nā pōʻino lua pele, no ka laʻana ke kaha palapala ʻana i nā ala o nā kahe pele, nā lahar, a me nā ao wela, a me ka ʻike ʻana i nā waihona i hala e kuhi i nā pōʻino e hiki mai ana.
7. Geomorphology Kūkulu a me Tectonic
Hoʻoikaika ka geomorphology kūkulu i ka mana o nā ʻano geological (nā hewa, nā pelu, nā pōhaku paʻakikī-palupalu) ma nā ʻāina. Nānā pono ka geomorphology tectonic pehea e hoʻohālikelike ai nā neʻe ʻana o ka crustal (uplifting, subsidence) i ke kōkua a me ka hoʻohuli ʻana i nā muliwai, nā terraces, a me nā ʻano hoʻokahe wai.
Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā haʻawina tectonic-geomorphological e loiloi i ka hana hewa, hoʻoholo i nā wahi i maʻalahi i ka ōlaʻi, a hoʻomaopopo i ka ulu ʻana o nā mauna. No ka laʻana, ʻo nā muliwai i "ʻoki" a hana i nā papa papahele hiki ke lilo i hōʻailona o ka piʻi ʻana o ka tectonic.
8. ʻO ke ʻano honua o Hillslope a me ka neʻe nui ʻana
Ke aʻo nei kēia ʻoihana liʻiliʻi i nā kaʻina hana pali e like me ke aniau, ke kolo ʻana, nā hāʻule pōhaku, nā ʻāina hoʻoili/wili, a me nā kahe ʻōpala. ʻO nā mea hoʻomalu e pili ana i ka gradient pali, ke ʻano lepo/pōhaku, ka ua, nā mea kanu, a me nā hana a kānaka e like me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻāina.
He mea nui loa nā haʻawina geomorphology o ka pali ma nā wahi mauna e like me Indonesia, no ka mea, pinepine ka ʻāina e heʻe ana i ka wā ua nui a i ʻole nā ōlaʻi. ʻO ka palapala ʻāina hiki ke heʻe ʻia, ka nānā ʻana i ke kūpaʻa o ka pali, a me nā ʻōlelo paipai no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻāina e hilinaʻi nui ʻia i nā manaʻo geomorphological.
9. Geomorphology Quantitative a me Geomorphometry
Hoʻohana ka geomorphology quantitative i ke ana ʻana, nā helu helu, a me ke kumu hoʻohālike makemakika e hoʻomaopopo i nā kaʻina hana e hoʻoponopono ai i nā ʻano ʻāina. Hoʻoikaika ka Geomorphometry i ke ana ʻana i ke ʻano o ka ʻili me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻikepili kiʻekiʻe (DEM) e loaʻa ai nā palena e like me ka pali, ke ʻano, ka curvature, a me ka topographic roughness index.
He mea nui kēia ʻano hana i ka wā o ka ʻikepili nui a me ka ʻike mamao, no ka mea, hiki iā ia ke hana i ka nānā wikiwiki a me ka pololei o ka ʻāina nui, ke kumu hoʻohālike o ka ʻino ʻana, ka wānana ʻana i ke kahe ʻana o ke kai, a me ka palapala ʻāina pōʻino.
10. Geomorphology Kaiapuni a me Anthropogenic
ʻAʻole wale nā hana kūlohelohe a me nā hopena kanaka ma ka ʻili o ka Honua e aʻo ana i ka Geomorphology. Nānā ka subdisciplinary anthropogenic pehea e hoʻololi ai ka hana ʻeli ʻana, ke kūlanakauhale ʻana, ke kūkulu ʻana i nā pā, ka luku ʻāina, ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i ke kahakai, a me ka mahiʻai nui i nā ʻano erosion-sedimentation a me ke kūpaʻa o ka ʻāina.
Ma nā wahi he nui, ʻo kānaka ke "mea hana geomorphic" nui, hiki ke hoʻolalelale i ka ʻino ʻana, hoʻoneʻe i ka nui o ka sediment, a hoʻololi paha i nā kahawai. No laila, he mea nui ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka geomorphology no ka hoʻomohala mau ʻana.
Pani
ʻO Geomorphology ka ʻepekema e kōkua iā mākou e hoʻomaopopo i ke "maka" o ka Honua: no ke aha he puʻu kahi ʻāina, no ke aha e ʻauwana ai nā muliwai, no ke aha e ʻino ai nā kahakai, a pehea e hana ʻia ai nā mauna a laila e ʻino mālie ai. Ma ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i kāna mau ʻano like ʻole—fluvial, coastal, aeolian, glacial, karst, volcano, tectonic, slope, quantitative, a me anthropogenic—hiki iā mākou ke ʻike he hopena kēlā me kēia ʻano ʻāina o ka pilina o nā kaʻina hana e hoʻohuli like ana.
I waena o nā pilikia o ka loli o ke aniau, ka ulu ʻana o ke kūlanakauhale, a me ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o nā pilikia pōʻino, ke koʻikoʻi nei ka geomorphology. ʻAʻole wale kēia ʻepekema e hoʻonui i ko mākou ʻike i ka mōʻaukala o ka Honua akā kōkua pū kekahi iā mākou e hana i nā hoʻoholo kūpono no ka palekana, ke kūpaʻa kūloko, a me ka hoʻokele naʻauao o ke kaiapuni.
