Ka Hoʻohana ʻana i nā Lako Geophysical: Ke ʻIke ʻana i nā Mea Huna o ka Honua
Ua hele pū mau ka ʻenehana a me ka ʻepekema, a ua maopopo kēia i ka holomua ʻana o ka geophysics. ʻO Geophysics kahi lālā o ka ʻepekema honua e aʻo ana i nā ʻano kino o ka Honua a me kona kaiapuni ma o nā kumumanaʻo o ka physics. No ka hoʻomaopopo maikaʻi ʻana i ka Honua, hoʻohana nā kānaka ʻepekema i nā ʻano lako geophysical like ʻole. E kūkākūkā kēia ʻatikala i nā lako geophysical like ʻole i hoʻohana ʻia, pehea lākou e hana ai, a me kā lākou noi ʻana i ka noiʻi a me ka ʻoihana.
He aha ka lako paʻa Geophysical?
ʻO nā lako paʻa Geophysical nā mea hana a me nā ʻenehana i hoʻohana ʻia e ʻimi, nānā, a kālailai i nā waiwai kino o ka Honua. Hoʻokomo pū kēia me nā mea hana e ʻike ai i nā anomalies gravitational, nā kahua magnetic, nā kani seismic, nā waiwai uila, a me nā waiwai electromagnetic. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā lako paʻa Geophysical e palapala i nā hale ma lalo o ka ʻilikai, ʻike i nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe, a nānā i nā hana geological e like me nā ōlaʻi a i ʻole nā lua pele.
1. Mea hoʻāʻo lū
He mea hana ka seismometer i hoʻohana ʻia e ʻike a hoʻopaʻa i nā haʻalulu i ka honua i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā ōlaʻi, nā pele pele, a me nā kumu haʻalulu ʻē aʻe. Hana nā seismometer ma ke ana ʻana i ka neʻe ʻana o ka honua e pili ana i ke kiʻikuhi o ka mea hana, e noho paʻa ana ma muli o kona nuipa inertial. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka ʻikepili mai kahi seismometer e hoʻoholo ai i kahi, ka hohonu, a me ka ikaika o kahi ōlaʻi.
He nui nā hoʻohana o nā seismometers, mai ka noiʻi ʻana i nā ōlaʻi a me ke aʻo ʻana i ke ʻano o loko o ka Honua a hiki i ka ʻimi ʻana i ka ʻaila a me ke kinoea. ʻAe nā seismometers i nā kānaka ʻepekema e aʻo i nā tectonics plate a hoʻomaopopo i nā ʻano ōlaʻi, kahi e kōkua ai i ka hoʻolālā hoʻēmi ʻana i nā pōʻino.
2. Ka mīkini kaumaha
He mea hana ka gravimeter i hoʻohana ʻia no ke ana ʻana i nā loli liʻiliʻi o ka umekaumaha o ka Honua. He mea maʻalahi loa ia, hiki ke ʻike i nā loli liʻiliʻi o ka umekaumaha i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā loli o ka nui ma lalo o ka ʻili o ka Honua. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā gravimeter i ka ʻimi ʻana i nā minerala a me nā hydrocarbon no ka mea hāʻawi nā loli o ka nui o ka ʻili honua i nā hōʻailona i ke alo o kēia mau kumuwaiwai.
Hoʻohana ʻia nā gravimeters i nā ana honua e palapala i nā hale ma lalo o ka honua e like me nā kīʻaha sedimentary, nā hewa, a me nā dome paʻakai. I ka ʻepekema honua, kōkua nā gravimeters i ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ke ʻano o ka ʻili o ka Honua, hiki ke hāʻawi i ka ʻike i ka mōʻaukala honua o kahi wahi.
3. Magnetometer
He mea hana ka magnetometer e ana i ka ikaika a me ke kuhikuhi o ke kahua magnetic o ka Honua. He kuleana koʻikoʻi kēia mea hana i nā haʻawina geomagnetic, e kōkua ana i nā mea noiʻi e hoʻomaopopo i nā ʻano like ʻole o ke kahua magnetic ma ka ʻili o ka Honua. Hoʻohana ʻia ka ʻikepili mai nā magnetometer i ka ʻimi ʻana i nā minerala, ka palapala ʻāina geological, a me ka noiʻi ʻepekema i loko o ka ʻōpū o ka Honua.
I ka ʻimi ʻana i nā minelala, hiki i nā magnetometers ke ʻike i ka hao hao a me nā waihona minelala ʻē aʻe me nā waiwai magnetic. Hāʻawi kēia i kahi ala ʻaʻole invasive e ʻimi ai i nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe ma mua o ka ʻeli ʻana, e mālama ana i ka manawa a me ke kālā.
4. Georadar (Radar Penetrating Honua - GPR)
ʻO Georadar, a i ʻole GPR, kahi ʻano hana geophysical ʻaʻole luku e hoʻohana ana i nā nalu electromagnetic e kiʻi i ke kahua o lalo. Hoʻopuka ka mea kani i nā pulse o nā nalu radar i loko o ka lepo a laila ʻike i nā hōʻailona i hōʻike ʻia mai nā mea o lalo a i ʻole nā papa lepo like ʻole. He mea pono loa ʻo GPR i nā haʻawina archaeological, geological, a me nā ʻenekinia kīwila.
I ka ʻeli ʻana o nā mea kanu, hoʻohana ʻia ʻo GPR e ʻike a palapala ʻāina i nā wahi kahiko me ka ʻole o ka pono no nā ʻeli luku. I ka ʻeli honua, hiki iā GPR ke ʻike i nā papa lepo, ʻike i nā hewa, a palapala ʻāina i nā hale honua. I ka ʻenekinia kīwila, hoʻohana ʻia ʻo GPR e nānā i nā alanui, nā alahaka, a me nā ʻoihana ʻē aʻe.
5. Ka mika pale kū'ē
ʻO ka mika resistivity kahi mea hana i hoʻohana ʻia e ana i ke kū'ē uila o ka lepo. Hana kēia mea hana ma ka loiloi ʻana i ke kū'ē o ka lepo i ke kahe o kahi au uila i hoʻopili ʻia ma o nā electrodes i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ka lepo. ʻOkoʻa ke kū'ē o ka lepo ma muli o ke ʻano o ka lepo, ka nui o ka makū, a me ka nui o ka paʻakai, no laila e hāʻawi ana i ka ʻike e pili ana i nā ʻano o lalo o ka honua.
He mea koʻikoʻi ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mika resistivity i ka hydrogeology no ke kaha kiʻi ʻana i nā aquifers a me nā kumu wai honua. Hoʻohana ʻia kēia mea hana i ka ʻimi ʻana i nā minerala e ʻike i nā metala hao i loaʻa nā waiwai resistive a conductive paha i ʻokoʻa mai ka pōhaku a puni. Eia kekahi, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kēia ʻano hana i nā anamanaʻo kaiapuni e ʻike i nā mea haumia o lalo o ka honua.
6. Sonar
ʻO Sonar (Sound Navigation and Ranging) kahi ʻenehana e hoʻohana ana i nā nalu kani e ʻike a hoʻopaʻa i nā mea ma lalo o ka wai. Hoʻopuka kēia mea hana i nā nalu kani a laila hopu i nā hōʻailona i hōʻike ʻia mai nā mea ma lalo o ka wai a i ʻole ka papa kai. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ʻo Sonar i nā ana moana, ka ʻimi ʻana i ka ʻaila a me ke kinoea ma ke kai hohonu, a me ka noiʻi ʻepekema moana.
I ka ʻimi ʻana i ke kai, kōkua ka sonar i ke kaha palapala ʻana i ka papahele o ke kai, ka ʻike ʻana i nā kahua hydrocarbon, a me ka ʻimi ʻana i nā moku i piholo. I ka noiʻi ʻepekema, hoʻohana ʻia ka sonar e aʻo i ke ʻano o ka papahele o ke kai, ʻike i nā mea ola o ke kai, a hoʻomaopopo i nā kaʻina hana ma lalo o ka wai e like me nā au a me ka sedimentation.
7. Nā Anamanaʻo Uila Malemake (EM)
ʻO ke ana ʻana electromagnetic kahi ʻano geophysical e hoʻohana ana i nā kahua electromagnetic e loiloi i nā waiwai o ka ʻili honua o ka Honua. Hoʻoulu ka mea hana i kahi kahua electromagnetic i loko o ka lepo a ana i ka pane ʻana o ke kahua lua i hana ʻia e nā ʻokoʻa o ka conductivity o ka ʻili honua. He mea pono loa nā ana EM i ka ʻimi ʻana i nā minerala a me ke kaha kiʻi ʻana i nā mea haumia ma nā wahi haumia.
Hiki i nā anamanaʻo EM ke ʻike i nā ʻano conductivity e hōʻike ana i ke alo o nā mineral ores, nā ʻano geological, a i ʻole ka wai honua. I nā anamanaʻo kaiapuni, hoʻohana ʻia kēia ʻano hana e ʻike i nā mea haumia a palapala i ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā mea haumia i ka lepo a me ka wai honua.
Ka hopena
Ua hoʻololi ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā lako geophysical i ke ʻano o ko kākou hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka Honua a me kona kaiapuni. Me nā seismometers, gravimeters, magnetometers, GPR, nā mika resistivity, sonar, a me nā ana electromagnetic, hiki i nā kānaka ʻepekema a me nā ʻenekinia ke ʻimi i ka hohonu o ka Honua e like me ka wā ma mua. ʻAʻole wale kēia mau ʻenehana e hāʻawi i ka ʻike maikaʻi aʻe i ke ʻano a me ka haku mele ʻana o ka Honua akā kōkua pū kekahi i ka ʻimi ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe, ka hoʻēmi ʻana i nā pōʻino, a me ka pale ʻana i ke kaiapuni.
I ka holomua ʻana o ka ʻenehana, e hoʻomau ka ulu ʻana o nā lako geophysical, e hāʻawi ana i nā mea hana ʻoi aku ka loea e pane i nā nīnau i pane ʻole ʻia e pili ana i ka Honua. He mea nui ka noiʻi a me ka hana hou ma kēia kahua no ka wā e hiki mai ana, e hōʻoia ana e hiki iā mākou ke mālama a hoʻohana i nā kumuwaiwai o ka Honua ma ke ʻano hoʻomau a kuleana.
