Ka Hoʻohana ʻana o Geophysics i ka Archaeology a me ka Mōʻaukala
He lālā ʻepekema ʻo Geophysics e aʻo ana i nā ʻano kino o ka Honua—e like me ka magnetism, ka uila, nā nalu seismic, a me nā ʻano umekaumaha—e hoʻomaopopo i ke ʻano o ka honua. I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua lilo ka geophysics i kekahi o nā mea hana koʻikoʻi loa i ka ʻeli ʻana o ka honua a me nā haʻawina mōʻaukala, ma muli o kona hiki ke "ʻike" i nā koena o ka hana kanaka me ka ʻole o ka ʻeli ʻana. Kōkua nā ʻano geophysical i nā mea ʻeli honua e ʻike i nā wahi o ka pūnaewele, e palapala i ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā hale kahiko, e loiloi i ka hohonu a me ke ʻano o nā mea i kanu ʻia, a e hoʻolālā i nā ʻeli ʻana i kuhikuhi ʻia. Eia kekahi, hāʻawi nui ka geophysics i ka mālama ʻana, e hōʻemi ana i ka pōʻino i nā wahi mōʻaukala palupalu.
No ke aha he mea nui ka geophysics i ka archaeology a me ka mōʻaukala?
Hilinaʻi nui ka ʻeli ʻana o ka ʻāina kuʻuna i nā ana ʻana o ka ʻilikai a me nā ʻeli ʻana. Eia nō naʻe, he mea luku ka ʻeli ʻana: ke hōʻike ʻia ka lepo, ua loli mau ke ʻano stratigraphic. ʻO kēia kahi e komo mai ai ka geophysics. Me kahi ala ʻaʻole invasive, hiki i nā mea ʻeli ʻāina ke loaʻa kahi ʻike maka o ka mea e waiho ana ma lalo o ka ʻilikai, e ʻae ana iā lākou e hoʻoholo i ka ʻikepili e pili ana i kahi e ʻeli ai, nā wahi e pale ai, a pehea e wehewehe ai i nā ʻano noho ʻana i hala a i ʻole ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka wahi.
Ma ke ʻano o ka mōʻaukala, ʻoiai hoʻi ka mōʻaukala kūlanakauhale a me ka ʻāina, kōkua ka geophysics i ka wehe ʻana i nā kaha i nalowale mai ka ʻili: nā alanui kahiko, nā palena pā kaua, nā ʻauwai pale, nā kahua kūkulu, a me nā loli i ke kahe ʻana o ka muliwai i hoʻohuli i ka ulu ʻana o ke kūlanakauhale. No laila, he kuleana ko ka geophysics ʻaʻole wale i ka ʻike ʻana i nā "mea" akā i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā "moʻolelo" ākea a me nā dinamika pilikanaka.
Nā ʻano hana geophysical i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia
Hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻano hana geophysical like ʻole ma muli o nā ʻano lepo, ke ʻano o ka pahuhopu, a me nā pahuhopu noiʻi. Eia kekahi o nā ʻano hana i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia i ka ʻeli ʻana o ka ʻāina.
1. Radar Komo Honua (GPR)
Hana ʻo GPR, a i ʻole radar komo honua, ma ka hoʻouna ʻana i nā nalu electromagnetic i loko o ka lepo a laila hoʻopaʻa i nā ʻōlinolino ke hālāwai nā nalu me nā palena ma waena o nā mea like ʻole—no ka laʻana, ma waena o ka lepo a me ka pōhaku, a i ʻole ka lepo a me kahi hale piliki. He kūpono loa ʻo GPR no ke kaha kiʻi ʻana i ka hohonu a me ke ʻano o nā hale, e like me nā papahele hale, nā paia, nā keʻena kanu, a i ʻole nā papa alanui.
ʻO ka pōmaikaʻi o GPR ʻo ia kona hiki ke hana i nā ʻāpana keʻa kū pololei a me nā ʻāpana manawa, e ʻae ana i nā mea kālaihonua e ʻike i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o nā hiʻohiʻona ma nā hohonu kikoʻī. Eia nō naʻe, ua hoʻopilikia ʻia ka pono o GPR e nā kūlana lepo: hiki i ka lepo lepo loa a pulu nui paha ke omo i ka hōʻailona, e hōʻemi ana i ka hohonu o ke komo ʻana.
2. Magnetometry
Ke ana ʻo Magnetometry i nā ʻokoʻa o ke kahua magnetic o ka Honua i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā ʻokoʻa o nā waiwai magnetic o nā mea ma lalo o ka ʻili. Hoʻokumu pinepine ka hana a ke kanaka i nā anomalies magnetic: hiki i ka puhi ʻana (e laʻa, nā umu, nā umu, a i ʻole ka lepo e puhi ana) ke hoʻonui i ka magnetization, ʻoiai ʻo nā ʻauwaha i piha i nā sediments like ʻole hiki ke hana i nā ʻano like ʻole.
He mea kaulana kēia ʻano hana no ka mea he wikiwiki, ʻaʻole pipiʻi ke kumu kūʻai, a he kūpono loa no ka ʻike ʻana i nā ʻano noho ʻana e like me nā hale, nā pā, nā ʻauwai, a me nā wahi ʻoihana kahiko. Eia nō naʻe, he maʻalahi ka magnetometry i nā haunaele o kēia wā e like me nā pā hao, nā laina uila, a i ʻole nā ʻōpala metala, no laila pono e akahele ke wehewehe ʻana.
3. Ke kū'ē uila
ʻO ke ʻano o ka resistivity ke ana i ke kūʻē ʻana o ka lepo i ke au uila. ʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ke kūʻē ʻana o nā hale pōhaku a i ʻole nā hale piliki ma mua o ka lepo pulu, ʻoiai ʻo nā ʻauwaha i piha i ka lepo pulu he haʻahaʻa ka resistivity. Ma ke kau ʻana i nā electrodes ma luna o ka ʻili, hiki i nā mea kālaihonua ke hana i nā palapala ʻokoʻa resistivity e hōʻike ana i nā paia, nā kahua, a i ʻole nā lua.
He mea pono loa ka resistivity no ka ʻike ʻana i nā ʻano pōhaku a me nā hiʻohiʻona e pili ana i ka makū. ʻO ka pilikia, hiki ke lohi nā ana ma mua o ka magnetometry a ua hoʻopilikia nui ʻia e nā pae wai o ka honua kau.
4. Hoʻokomo Uila Makeneka (EMI)
Ana ʻo EMI i ka conductivity o ka lepo me ka ʻole o ka hoʻopili pololei ʻana (me ka ʻole o ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā electrodes). Hoʻopuka nā mea hana EMI i nā kahua electromagnetic e hoʻoulu ai i nā kahe i loko o ka lepo; hōʻike ka pane i ka conductivity a i kekahi manawa he susceptibility magnetic. He kūpono ʻo EMI no nā ana wikiwiki ma luna o nā wahi nui, e kōkua ana i ka palapala ʻāina i nā ʻokoʻa o ka sediment, nā palena hiʻohiʻona, a i ʻole nā loli o ke kaiapuni e pili ana i ka hana a ke kanaka.
5. Ka Haʻalulu Pāpaʻu
Hoʻohana nā ana seismic pāpaʻu i nā nalu elastic e aʻo ai i nā papa lepo, nā hohonu o ka pōhaku moe, a i ʻole nā lua ma lalo o ka honua. I ka ʻeli ʻana i nā mea kahiko, hiki i nā ana seismic ke kōkua i ka ʻike ʻana i nā ana hana, nā tunnels, a i ʻole nā hale nui e hoʻopilikia i ka wikiwiki o ka laha ʻana o ka nalu. ʻOi aku ka maʻamau o kēia ʻano hana i nā haʻawina mālama hale mōʻaukala a i ʻole ka ʻimi ʻana i nā keʻena ma lalo o ka honua.
6. Ka liʻiliʻi o ke kaumaha
Nānā nā ana o ka microgravity i nā ʻokoʻa liʻiliʻi o ka ikaika umekaumaha i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā ʻokoʻa o ka nui o ka honua. Hiki i nā lua, nā keʻena kanu, a i ʻole nā tunnels ke hana i nā anomalies umekaumaha maikaʻi ʻole. ʻOiai he koʻikoʻi nā mea hana a ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o nā ana, he mea pono ka microgravity ke lilo ka pahuhopu i wahi hakahaka i paʻakikī ke ʻike me nā ʻano hana ʻē aʻe.
Kaʻina hana: mai ka anamanaʻo a i ka wehewehe mōʻaukala
ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka geophysics i ka archaeology ma ke ʻano maʻamau e hahai i kahi kaʻina hana ʻōnaehana. ʻO ka mea mua, nānā ka hui i nā kumu mōʻaukala: nā palapala ʻāina kahiko, nā moʻolelo palapala lima, nā kuʻuna waha, nā kiʻi ukali, a me ka ʻikepili LiDAR, inā loaʻa. Kōkua kēia ʻikepili i ka hoʻoholo ʻana i nā wahi koʻikoʻi. ʻO ka lua, hana ʻia kahi noiʻi geophysical me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano i koho ʻia. ʻO ke kolu, hana ʻia nā hopena i nā palapala ʻāina anomaly a i ʻole nā ʻāpana kea hohonu.
Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole nā hopena geophysical he "kiʻi" pololei o nā mea ma lalo o ka honua. He mau pane kino lākou, e pono ai ka wehewehe ʻana. Hiki i kahi anomaly rectangular ke kuhikuhi i kahi kahua hale, akā hiki nō hoʻi ke kuhikuhi i nā koena o kahi kahawai wai hou. No laila, ʻo ka wehewehe maikaʻi loa e hoʻohui pinepine i kekahi mau ʻano hana (multimethod) a ua hōʻoia ʻia me ka "ground-truthing" e like me nā wili liʻiliʻi, nā lua hoʻāʻo palena, a i ʻole nā ʻeli koho.
Me kēia ʻano hana, hāʻawi ka geophysics i ke kūkulu hou ʻana i ka mōʻaukala: ke kuhi ʻana i ka nui o nā kūlanakauhale, ka ʻike ʻana i nā ʻāpana ʻoihana, ke kaha kiʻi ʻana i nā ʻano alanui, a i ʻole ka hoʻoholo ʻana i nā pae hoʻomohala e pili ana i ka pilina o nā hiʻohiʻona e pili ana.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ka hoʻohana ʻana ma ke ʻano o nā wahi a me nā ʻāina
Ma nā wahi noho kahiko, hōʻike pinepine ka magnetometry i nā ʻano o nā hale, nā ʻauwai, a me nā wahi puhi e hōʻike ana i nā hana home a me nā hana hana. Ma nā wahi luakini a i ʻole nā hale kūkulu pōhaku, hiki i ka resistivity a me GPR ke kōkua i ka ʻike ʻana i nā kumu, nā koena o nā pā perimeter, a me nā hale kākoʻo i kanu ʻia e ka sedimentation. Ma nā wahi kanu, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ʻo GPR e ʻimi i nā palena o nā lua kupapaʻu a i ʻole nā keʻena kanu me ka ʻole o ka wehe ʻana i ka wahi holoʻokoʻa.
Ma ke ʻano o ka ʻāina, kōkua ʻo EMI a me ka magnetometry i ka palapala ʻāina i nā ʻōnaehana hoʻoinu wai kahiko, nā dikes, a me nā kahawai i hoʻopili i nā hoʻokele waiwai mahiʻai i hala. ʻOiai ma nā wahi kahakai, hiki i ka geophysics ke kōkua i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā loli o ke kahakai a me nā kaʻina hana sedimentation i pani i nā awa a i ʻole nā noho ʻana, e hāʻawi ana i ka pōʻaiapili no ke kumu e ulu ai kahi kikowaena kālepa a laila haʻalele ʻia.
Nā pono no ka mālama ʻana a me ka hoʻokele ʻana i ka hoʻoilina moʻomeheu
ʻO kekahi o nā hāʻawi nui loa o ka geophysics ke kākoʻo ʻana i ka pale ʻana o ka wahi. Ke hoʻoweliweli ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻoihana i nā wahi i manaʻo ʻia he mau koena archaeological, hiki ke hana ʻia nā ana geophysical ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana o ka loiloi hopena hoʻoilina. Kōkua nā hopena i nā aupuni, nā mea hoʻomohala, a me nā mea noiʻi e hoʻolālā i nā hana hoʻēmi: ka pale ʻana i nā wahi koʻikoʻi, ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana i nā ala papahana, a i ʻole ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā hoʻolālā ʻeli hoʻopakele.
I loko o nā hale mōʻaukala, hiki i nā ʻano hana e like me GPR a me nā anamanaʻo seismic pāpaʻu ke nānā i ke kūlana o nā kumu, nā lua, a i ʻole nā māwae huna. He mea pono kēia no ka hoʻihoʻi kūpono a palekana me ka ʻole o ka hōʻino ʻana i nā mea kumu o ka hale.
Nā pilikia a me nā palena
ʻOiai he mea hoʻohiki, ʻaʻole ia he hopena hoʻokahi no nā mea āpau ka geophysics. Hiki i nā kūlana lepo tropical pulu, ka nui o ka pālolo, a i ʻole nā pilikia o kēia wā ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka maikaʻi o ka ʻikepili. Eia kekahi, pono ka wehewehe ʻana i ka ʻike loea: ʻaʻole i unuhi mau ʻia nā anomalies geophysical i "nā hale archaeological." Hiki i ka wehewehe hewa ke alakaʻi i nā ʻeli ʻana i nā wahi i pili ʻole.
ʻO kekahi palena ʻē aʻe ka pono no ka hoʻoponopono kūloko. ʻOkoʻa nā palena lepo mai kēlā me kēia ʻāpana, no laila koi pinepine nā ana i ka hoʻāʻo mua a me nā hoʻoponopono e hahai i nā hoʻolālā. Hiki ke pāpā ʻia nā kumukūʻai o nā lako a me nā polokalamu no nā ʻoihana he nui, ʻoiai ke loaʻa nei nā koho hana like a me nā ʻenehana ʻoi aku ka uku.
ʻO ka wā e hiki mai ana o ka geophysics i ka archaeology
Kuhikuhi nā hoʻomohala hou i kahi kuhikuhi ikaika: ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka geophysics me ka palapala ʻāina drone, photogrammetry, LiDAR, a me ka naʻauao artificial e ʻike koke i nā ʻano anomalous. Ke wikiwiki nei nā ana a ke hoʻonui nei ka uhi ʻana. Ke lilo nei hoʻi nā hiʻohiʻona subsurface 3D i mea maoli, e ʻae ana i nā mea kālaihonua e hōʻike i kā lākou mau hopena i ka lehulehu a me nā mea kuleana ma ke ʻano maopopo. I ka wā e hiki mai ana, hiki i ka geophysics ke lilo i kūlana gula i nā pae mua o ka noiʻi archaeological a me ka hoʻokele hoʻoilina moʻomeheu.
Pani
Ua hoʻololi ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka geophysics i ka ʻeli ʻana o ka ʻāina a me ka mōʻaukala i ke ʻano o ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana o kānaka i ka wā i hala. Ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano hana non-invasive e like me GPR, magnetometry, resistivity, EMI, seismicity, a me microgravity, hiki i nā mea noiʻi ke palapala ʻāina i nā koena o lalo o ka honua me ka wikiwiki, palekana, a me ka pono. Ma waho aʻe o ka ʻike wale ʻana i nā mea, kōkua ka geophysics i ke kūkulu ʻana i nā moʻolelo mōʻaukala: pehea i kūkulu ai nā kānaka, noho, hana, a hoʻololi i kahi ʻāina e loli mau ana. Ke hui pū ʻia me nā kumu mōʻaukala a me ka hōʻoia kahua, hāʻawi ka geophysics i kahi alahaka koʻikoʻi ma waena o nā hōʻike kino a me ka hoʻomaopopo hohonu ʻana i nā lāhui i hala.
