Nā Hana Palapala ʻĀina Seismic ma lalo o ka wai
He ʻano koʻikoʻi ka palapala ʻāina seismic ma lalo o ka wai i ka ʻimi ʻana i lalo o ka wai, ʻoiai hoʻi i ka ʻimi ʻana i ka ʻaila a me ke kinoea a me nā haʻawina geology o ka papahele kai. Me ka holomua o ka ʻenehana, ua holomua nui kēia ʻano hana, e hiki ai i nā kānaka ʻepekema a me nā ʻenekinia ke loaʻa kahi kiʻi kikoʻī a pololei hoʻi o ke ʻano o ka papahele o lalo o ka wai. E ʻimi kēia ʻatikala i nā ʻano palapala ʻāina seismic ma lalo o ka wai i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia, a me ko lākou mau pono a me nā pilikia.
Pendahuluan
ʻO ke seismology ma lalo o ka wai kahi ʻenehana e hoʻohana ana i nā nalu seismic e hana i nā kiʻi a i ʻole nā palapala ʻāina o ka ʻilikai o lalo o ka hohonu o ke kai. Ua like ke kumu kumu me nā ʻenehana seismic terrestrial, kahi e hoʻokuʻu ʻia ai nā nalu seismic i loko o ka honua a hopu ʻia ko lākou reflection a refraction paha e nā mea loaʻa, a laila unuhi ʻia e hōʻike i ke ʻano geological ma lalo o ka ʻili.
Kumu Manaʻo o nā Hana Seismic
ʻO ke kumu, ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā ʻano seismic ma ke ana ʻana i ka manawa huakaʻi o nā nalu seismic i ko lākou hōʻike ʻana a i ʻole ke komo ʻana (refraction) i nā papa ma lalo o ka ʻili o ke kai. Hoʻoulu ʻia kēia mau nalu e kahi kumu seismic, e like me ka pū ea a i ʻole ka mea pahū, a hopu ʻia e nā hydrophones a i ʻole geophones.
Hoʻomanaʻo Seismic
ʻO ke ʻano hoʻohuli ōlaʻi ke ʻano i hoʻohana nui ʻia. Ma kēia ʻano hana, hoʻopuka ʻia nā nalu ōlaʻi mai kahi kumu ma luna o kahi moku ʻimi i ka papahele o ke kai. Ke kuʻi kēia mau nalu i nā papa honua o nā ʻano like ʻole o ka nui, hoʻihoʻi ʻia kekahi o ka ikehu nalu i ka ʻili a hopu ʻia e kahi mea hoʻokipa ma kahi kaula kahawai ma hope o ka moku. A laila hana ʻia ka ʻikepili i loaʻa e hana i kahi kiʻi a i ʻole kahi ʻano o ka ʻili honua.
ʻO ka Refraction Seismic
ʻO ke ʻano hana refraction seismic e pili ana i nā nalu seismic e komo ana i nā papa o lalo o ka honua a refracting ma nā palena ma waena o nā papa me nā wikiwiki seismic like ʻole. Ana ʻia kēia mau nalu e nā geophones i kau ʻia ma lalo o ka wai a i ʻole ma luna o nā moku. He mea pono kēia ʻikepili no ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā wikiwiki seismic i loko o nā papa o ka Honua a me nā ʻano geological ma nā hohonu nui aʻe ma mua o ke ʻano reflection.
Nā Mea Hana a me ka ʻenehana
Puna Olaola
Nā Pū Ea
ʻO nā pū ea he mau mea hana i hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻoulu i nā nalu seismic ma ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka nui o ka ea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o ka wai. ʻO lākou ke kumu seismic maʻamau i hoʻohana ʻia i nā ana seismic moana no ka mea hiki iā lākou ke hoʻoulu i nā nalu me ka ikehu kiʻekiʻe a me nā alapine hiki ke hoʻomalu ʻia.
Pahū
Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā mea pahū ma ke ʻano he kumu seismic, ʻoiai ʻaʻole lākou i maʻamau ma mua o nā pū ea. Hoʻopahū ʻia nā mea pahū ma lalo o ka wai e hana i nā nalu seismic ikehu kiʻekiʻe loa, he mea pono loa ia i nā ana ʻana ma nā wahi me ke ʻano honua paʻakikī.
Mea Loaʻa Hawewe Seismic
Hydrophones
He mau mea loaʻa nalu seismic nā hydrophones i hoʻolālā ʻia no ka hoʻohana ʻana ma lalo o ka wai. Hopu lākou i nā nalu seismic i hōʻike ʻia mai lalo o ka ʻili a hoʻololi iā lākou i mau hōʻailona uila e hiki ke hana hou ʻia.
Kahuā
He kaula lōʻihi ka mea hoʻoheheʻe wai i hana ʻia me kahi moʻo o nā hydrophones i huki ʻia ma hope o kahi moku ana. Hiki i kēia mau kaula ke lōʻihi i kekahi mau kilomita a he mea pono no ka hopu mau ʻana i ka ʻikepili seismic i ka wā e neʻe ana ka moku.
ʻŌnaehana Hana ʻIkepili
Pono e hana ʻia ka ʻikepili seismic i hōʻiliʻili ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā polokalamu kamepiula akamai e hana i nā kiʻi subsurface pono. Pili kēia hana i kekahi mau ʻanuʻu, e like me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka manawa huakaʻi, ka kānana ʻana, a me ka hoʻokala ʻana i nā kiʻi. Me nā holomua i ka ʻenehana kamepiula, hiki ke hana wikiwiki ʻia ka hana ʻikepili seismic a hana i nā kiʻi maopopo a kikoʻī hoʻi.
Nā Pōmaikaʻi o nā Hana Seismic ma lalo o ka Wai
Ka ʻImi ʻana i nā Kumuwaiwai Kūlohelohe
Ua lilo nā ʻano hana seismic ma lalo o ka moana i mea hana koʻikoʻi i ka ʻimi ʻana i ka ʻaila a me ke kinoea ma lalo o ka wai. Hiki i nā ʻikepili seismic ke ʻike a hoʻolālā i nā waihona hydrocarbon me ka pololei kiʻekiʻe. Kōkua kēia i nā ʻoihana ʻaila a me ke kinoea e hoʻoholo i nā wahi ʻeli kūpono, e hōʻemi ana i nā kumukūʻai ʻimi a hoʻonui i ka pono hana.
Nā Haʻawina Geology a me Tectonics
Ma waho aʻe o ka ʻimi ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe, hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻano hana seismic e aʻo ai i ka geology seabed a me nā tectonics. Kōkua ka ʻikepili seismic i nā geologists e hoʻomaopopo i nā ʻano geological ma lalo o ka wai, e like me ke alo o nā hewa, nā puʻu kai, a me nā ʻano geological paʻakikī ʻē aʻe. He mea nui kēia ʻike no ka palapala ʻana i nā pilikia o ka ōlaʻi a me ke tsunami.
Nā Pilikia a me nā Mea Keakea
Nā Kūlana o ke Kai
Hiki i nā kūlana o ke kai ke hoʻopilikia nui i ka maikaʻi o ka ʻikepili seismic i hōʻiliʻili ʻia. Hiki i nā nalu kiʻekiʻe, nā au ikaika, a me nā kūlana ʻino ke hoʻopilikia i nā hana hōʻiliʻili ʻikepili a hōʻemi i ka maikaʻi o nā hōʻailona i hopu ʻia e nā hydrophones.
Ke Kūʻē a me ka Walaʻau
Hoʻopilikia pinepine ʻia ka ʻikepili ōlaʻi e ke komo ʻana a i ʻole ka walaʻau mai nā kumu like ʻole, e like me nā moku ʻē aʻe, ka hana ʻoihana ma lalo o ka wai, a me nā mea ola kai. He paʻakikī ka hana ʻana i ka ʻikepili e wehe i kēia walaʻau a koi ʻia nā ʻano hana hana ʻikepili paʻakikī.
Nā kumukūʻai a me nā Logistics
Pono nā hana anamanaʻo seismic ma lalo o ke kai i nā hoʻopukapuka kālā nui i nā lako a me nā ʻenehana, a me nā kumukūʻai hana kiʻekiʻe. Pono nā moku anamanaʻo, nā kumu seismic, nā kahawai, a me nā ʻōnaehana hana ʻikepili i ka mālama mau a me ka hoʻololi ʻana. Eia kekahi, he paʻakikī a pipiʻi hoʻi nā logistics o ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i nā hana ma ke kai.
Ka Wā E Hiki Mai Ana o nā Hana Seismic ma Lalo o ka Wai
Me ka holomua wikiwiki o ka ʻenehana, ke nānā aku nei ka wā e hiki mai ana o nā ʻano hana seismic ma lalo o ka wai i mea hoʻohiki maikaʻi loa. Manaʻo ʻia nā hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ʻenehana sensor, ka helu ʻana, a me ka ʻikepili nui e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hoʻonā a me ka pololei o ka ʻikepili seismic, a me ka hoʻolalelale ʻana i ka hana ʻikepili.
ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana me nā ʻenehana ʻē aʻe, e like me ka ʻike mamao a me nā kaʻa wai kūʻokoʻa (AUV), manaʻo ʻia hoʻi e wehe i nā manawa hou i ka ʻimi ʻana i lalo o ka wai. Hiki i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā AUV ke hiki i nā ana ma nā wahi paʻakikī ke hiki aku i nā moku, e hoʻomaikaʻi ana i ka pono o ka hana a me ka palekana.
Ka hopena
He mea hana waiwai nui ka palapala ʻāina seismic ma lalo o ka wai i ka ʻimi ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe a me nā haʻawina geological ma lalo o ka wai. ʻOiai he nui nā pilikia e lanakila ai, ke hoʻomau nei ka holomua ʻenehana i ke ala no ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i kēia ʻano hana. Me ka ʻike maikaʻi ʻana i nā ʻano geological ma lalo o ka wai, hiki iā mākou ke hana i nā hoʻoholo naʻauao hou aʻe i ka ʻimi ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe a me ka hoʻēmi ʻana i ka pilikia o nā pōʻino kūlohelohe.
