Nā Nalu Mālamalama: He Hana Kūlohelohe e Hoʻomālamalama ana i ke Ao Nei
ʻO ke kukui kekahi o nā ʻano ikehu koʻikoʻi loa a he mea nui ia no ke ola ma ka Honua. Me ka ʻole o ke kukui, e lilo ka honua i wahi pouli a noho ʻole ʻia. I loko o ke kino, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ke kukui ma ke ʻano he nalu electromagnetic e hiki ke laha ma o kahi hakahaka, e ʻae ana iā mākou e ʻike i ke ao a puni mākou ma ke ʻano a mākou i ʻike ai i kēia lā. E kūkākūkā kēia ʻatikala i nā nalu kukui, ko lākou mau waiwai, pehea lākou e hana ai, a me kā lākou hoʻohana ʻana i ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā.
Nā Waiwai Kumu o nā Nalu Mālamalama
Loaʻa i nā nalu māmā kahi ʻano pālua, ʻo ia hoʻi hiki iā lākou ke hana ma ke ʻano he mau nalu a me nā ʻāpana. Ua ʻike ʻia kēia ʻano ʻo ka duality nalu-ʻāpana, i hoʻolauna ʻia ma o ka mechanics quantum. Ma ke ʻano he nalu, loaʻa i ka mālamalama kahi nalu a me kahi alapine. Loaʻa ka nalu o ka mālamalama mai kahi o 400 nanometers (no ke kukui poni) a i 700 nanometers (no ke kukui ʻulaʻula). Pili loa ke alapine o ke kukui i ka ikehu e lawe ai—ʻo ke kiʻekiʻe o ke alapine, ʻo ke kiʻekiʻe o ka ikehu.
Ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana, aia ka mālamalama i nā photons, nā ʻeke ikehu liʻiliʻi ʻaʻohe ona nuipa. He mea nui kēia manaʻo i ka wehewehe ʻana i nā hanana e like me ka hopena photoelectric, kahi e hiki ai i ka mālamalama e pā ana i kahi ʻili mea ke hoʻokuke aku i nā electrons mai kēlā mea.
ʻIkepili Uila Malemake
He ʻāpana liʻiliʻi wale nō nā nalu māmā o ka spectrum electromagnetic, nona nā ʻano nalu ʻē aʻe he nui, e like me nā nalu lekiō, nā microwaves, nā kukuna infrared, nā kukuna ultraviolet, nā kukuna-X, a me nā kukuna gamma. ʻO nā ʻokoʻa nui ma waena o kēia mau ʻano nalu electromagnetic like ʻole ko lākou nalu a me ke alapine (frequency).
ʻO ke kukui ʻike ʻia ka ʻāpana o ka spectrum electromagnetic hiki ke ʻike ʻia e ka maka kanaka. Aia ia i ʻehiku mau kala i ʻike ʻia ʻo ke ānuenue: ʻulaʻula, ʻalani, melemele, ʻōmaʻomaʻo, uliuli, indigo, a me ka poni. He ʻokoʻa ka nalu o kēlā me kēia kala, me ka ʻulaʻula ka nalu lōʻihi loa a me ke alapine haʻahaʻa loa, ʻoiai ʻo ka poni ka nalu pōkole loa a me ke alapine kiʻekiʻe loa.
Ke komo ʻana a me ka diffraction
ʻElua mau hanana koʻikoʻi e hōʻike ana i ke ʻano nalu o ka mālamalama, ʻo ia ka hoʻopilikia a me ka diffraction. Hana ʻia ka hoʻopilikia ke hui pū ʻia nā nalu mālamalama ʻelua a ʻoi aku paha, e hana ana i kahi ʻano o ka hoʻonui ʻana (hoʻopilikia kūkulu) a i ʻole ka attenuation (hoʻopilikia luku) i ka ikaika o ka mālamalama. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia kēia hopena ma ka hoʻokolohua pālua kaulana, kahi e hele ai ka mālamalama ma o ʻelua mau ʻāpana haiki e hana i kahi ʻano maʻamau o ka mālamalama a me ke aka ma kahi pale ma hope o lākou.
ʻO ka diffraction, ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻo ia ke kūlou ʻana o nā nalu māmā i ko lākou hele ʻana ma kahi puka haiki a i ʻole ke kuʻi ʻana i kahi mea pale. Hoʻopuka kēia hanana i nā ʻano paʻakikī o ka mālamalama a me ka pouli, i ʻike pinepine ʻia i ka wā e kuʻi ai ka mālamalama i kahi grating.
Ka Polarization o ke Mālamalama
ʻO ka polarization kahi ʻano o nā nalu māmā kahi e oscillate ai nā nalu i hoʻokahi ala. ʻO nā nalu māmā kūlohelohe, e like me ka lā, ʻaʻole polarized, ʻo ia hoʻi ke oscillate nei lākou i nā ala he nui. Eia nō naʻe, ma o ke kaʻina hana polarization, e like me ke hele ʻana ma o kahi kānana polarizing, hiki i ka mālamalama ke oscillate i hoʻokahi ala wale nō. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ka polarization i nā aniani anti-glare a me nā hōʻike LCD, kahi e hōʻemi ai i ka glare a hoʻonui i ka ʻokoʻa hōʻike.
Nā Hoʻohana o nā Nalu Mālamalama
He nui nā hoʻohana pono o nā nalu māmā i ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā. ʻO kekahi o nā mea maʻamau i ke kukui ʻana. Ua lilo nā kukui uila i mau mea kukui pono ʻole, e hiki ai iā mākou ke hoʻokele i kā mākou mau hana i ka pō. Eia kekahi, hoʻohana ʻia nā nalu māmā i nā kamaʻilio fiber-optic, kahi e lawe ai nā hōʻailona māmā i ka ʻikepili ma o nā olonā aniani a plastik paha i nā wikiwiki kiʻekiʻe loa.
Ma ke kahua lapaʻau, he mea nui nā ʻenehana kukui e like me nā lasers no nā kaʻina hana ʻokiʻoki pololei a me ka mālama ʻana i ka maʻi kanesa. Eia kekahi, hilinaʻi nā ʻano hana kiʻi lapaʻau e like me nā X-ray a me nā MRI i nā kumumanaʻo like o ka spectrum electromagnetic.
ʻO ka Astronomy kekahi kahua ʻē aʻe e pōmaikaʻi nui ai mai ke aʻo ʻana i ka mālamalama. Hāʻawi ka mālamalama mai nā hōkū mamao a me nā galaxies iā mākou i ka ʻike waiwai e pili ana i ke ao holoʻokoʻa, e like me ko lākou ʻano kemika, ka mahana, ka mamao, a me ka neʻe ʻana. ʻO nā telescopes e hoʻohana ana i nā ʻano nalu māmā like ʻole, mai ka infrared a i nā kukuna X, kōkua i nā kānaka ʻepekema e aʻo i nā mea lani me nā kikoʻī hou aku.
Ka Mana o nā Nalu Mālamalama i ke Ola
ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻowahāwahā ʻia ka mana o nā nalu māmā i ke ola. ʻO ka photosynthesis, ke kaʻina hana nui e hiki ai i nā mea kanu ke ola a hana i ka oxygen, hilinaʻi nui ia i ka lā. I kēia manawa, no nā kānaka a me nā mea ola ʻē aʻe he nui, he kuleana ko ka mālamalama i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā mele circadian, a i ʻole nā uaki biological, ka mea e hoʻohuli i nā ʻano hiamoe a me ke ala ʻana.
Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka nui o ka hoʻopili ʻana i kekahi mau nalu māmā, e like me ke kukui ultraviolet, hiki ke loaʻa nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole i ke olakino, e like me ke kumu ʻana o ka maʻi ʻili. No laila, ʻo ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā nalu māmā a me ko lākou hopena he mea nui ia no ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā pono a me ka hoʻēmi ʻana i nā pilikia i ke ola.
Ka hopena
ʻO nā nalu māmā kekahi o nā mea kupanaha o ke kūlohelohe a me ke kihi o nā ʻenehana hou he nui. Ke hoʻomau nei ko mākou ʻike i nā nalu māmā e hoʻonui, e hāʻawi ana i nā ʻike hou i ke ʻano o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka ikehu electromagnetic no ka pono o ke kanaka. Mai ke kukui a i ke kamaʻilio ʻana, mai ke olakino a i ka ʻimi ʻana i ka lewa, ʻaʻohe palena o ka hiki o nā nalu māmā. I ka holomua ʻana o ka ʻenehana, aia paha he nui nā ala hou e hiki ai ke hoʻohana ʻia nā nalu māmā e hana i kahi honua ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi a me ka mālamalama.
