ʻAno a me ka Hana o ka Endoplasmic Reticulum
ʻO ka endoplasmic reticulum (ER) kahi organelle koʻikoʻi i loko o nā cell eukaryotic, e pāʻani ana i kahi kuleana koʻikoʻi i ka hana ʻana, ka hana ʻana, a me ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā molekala like ʻole. Hoʻokumu kēia organelle i kahi pūnaewele nui o nā membrane i hoʻopili ʻia, e like me ka "hale hana" a me ke "ala lawe" i loko o ke kelepona. Ma muli o kāna mau hana like ʻole, ʻo ka endoplasmic reticulum ke kī i ka mālama ʻana i ke ola o ke kelepona a me ka hōʻoia ʻana i ka hana pono o nā kaʻina hana olaola like ʻole.
Ka Wehewehena a me ka Wehewehena Laulā o ka Endoplasmic Reticulum
I ka ʻōlelo maʻalahi, ʻo ka endoplasmic reticulum kahi ʻōnaehana membrane kūloko e uhi ana i ka cytoplasm. Hana ʻia ia me nā kahawai pālahalaha a me nā tubules (nā paipu liʻiliʻi) i hoʻopili ʻia. Aia ka ER ma kahi kokoke i ka nucleus cell a pili pono i ka membrane nuclear. Hōʻike kēia pilina ua hoʻohui ʻia ka ER me nā ʻōnaehana membrane ʻē aʻe i loko o ke kelepona, e like me ka Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, a me ka membrane plasma.
Ua māhele ʻia ka reticulum endoplasmic i ʻelua ʻano nui: ka reticulum endoplasmic rough (RER) a me ka reticulum endoplasmic smooth (Smooth ER). ʻOiai ʻo nā mea ʻelua he ʻāpana o ka pūnaewele membrane like, ʻo ko lākou ʻokoʻa kūkulu e alakaʻi ai i nā ʻokoʻa hana like ʻole.
ʻAno o ka Endoplasmic Reticulum
1. ʻAno o ka membrane a me ka lua (Lumen)
Ua kūkulu ʻia ka reticulum endoplasmic mai kahi membrane phospholipid pālua, e like me ka membrane cell. Hoʻokumu kēia membrane i kahi ākea kūloko i kapa ʻia ʻo ka lumen (a i ʻole cisternae). Hana ka lumen ma ke ʻano he wahi no kekahi mau hopena kemika koʻikoʻi, ʻoiai nā mea e pili ana i ka hana ʻana i ka protein a me ka mālama ʻana ion.
Hiki i nā pūnaewele RE ke ʻano o:
– Cisternae: nā ʻeke pālahalaha a lōʻihi, loaʻa pinepine i loko o ka ER ʻaʻahu ʻole.
– Nā ʻōmole: nā ʻano hana e like me ka paipu, ʻoi aku ka nui ma ka ER laumania.
Kākoʻo kēia mau ʻokoʻa o ke ʻano i nā hana o kēlā me kēia ʻāpana. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa nā cisternae ākea i ka hana ʻana o ka protein a me ka hoʻololi ʻana, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā tubules no ka hana ʻana o ka lipid a me ka detoxification.
2. ʻO ka Reticulum Endoplasmic ʻŌpala (ER ʻŌpala)
Ua kapa ʻia ka ER ʻāwiliwili he "ʻāwiliwili" no ka mea ua piha kona ʻili i nā ribosomes, e like me nā kiko ke nānā ʻia ma lalo o kahi microscope electron. ʻO kēia mau ribosomes ke kahua o ka synthesis protein. No laila, loaʻa pinepine ka ER ʻāwiliwili i loko o nā cell e hana ikaika ana i nā protein, e like me nā cell pancreatic (nāna e hana i nā enzymes digestive) a i ʻole nā cell plasma (nāna e hana i nā antibodies).
Nā ʻano nui o ka ER ʻōniʻoniʻo:
- Loaʻa nā ribosomes i hoʻopili ʻia i ka ʻili o ka membrane.
– ʻO ke ʻano he cisterna pālahalaha.
– Kokoke i ka nucleus a pili i ka membrane nucleus.
3. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth ER)
ʻAʻole e like me ka ER ʻākala, ʻaʻohe ribosomes o ka ER laumania ma kona ʻili, e hāʻawi ana i kahi ʻano "laumania". ʻOi aku ka pinepine o ka ER laumania ma ke ʻano he pūnaewele o nā tubules lālā. He mea nui kēia organelle i loko o nā pūnaewele e hana ana i ka synthesis lipid a i ʻole ka metabolism o kekahi mau kemika, e like me nā pūnaewele ate (hepatocytes) a me nā pūnaewele glandular e hana ana i nā hormones steroid.
Nā ʻano nui o ka ER laumania:
- ʻAʻole pili i nā ribosomes.
– ʻOi aku ke ʻano o ka ʻōmole.
– He hana koʻikoʻi ia i ka hana ʻana o nā lipid, ka detoxification, a me ka mālama ʻana i nā ion calcium.
Nā Hana o ka Endoplasmic Reticulum
1. Hana ʻana i ka Protein (Ka Hana Nui o ka Rough ER)
ʻO kekahi o nā hana koʻikoʻi o ka ER ʻāwiliwili, ʻo ia ka hana ʻana i nā protein, ʻoiai hoʻi nā protein e:
- Hoʻokuʻu ʻia ma waho o ke keena (e.g. kekahi mau enzymes a me nā hormones),
– ʻOiai he ʻāpana o ka membrane cell,
– Hoʻouna ʻia i nā organelles ʻē aʻe, e like me nā lysosomes.
Hoʻomaka ke kaʻina hana i ka wā e unuhi ai nā ribosome i ka ʻike genetic (mRNA) i loko o nā kaulahao polypeptide. Komo nā protein i hana ʻia i loko o ka lumen o ka ER e pelu ʻia i ko lākou ʻano ʻekolu-dimensional kūpono. Hana pū ʻia ka kaohi maikaʻi ma ʻaneʻi: hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā protein i pelu hewa ʻia a hana hou ʻia e pale i ka hana o ke kelepona.
2. Hoʻololi a me ka Hana ʻana i ka Protein
Ma waho aʻe o ka hana ʻana i nā protein, hoʻololi pū ka ER iā lākou e mākaukau ai no ka hoʻohana ʻana. ʻO kekahi mau kaʻina hana koʻikoʻi e hana ʻia ma ka ER:
- Ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā pilina disulfide e hoʻopaʻa i ka ʻano protein,
– ʻO ka glycosylation mua (hoʻohui ʻia o nā hui kō) i kekahi mau protein,
– Ka pelu ʻana o ka protein me ke kōkua o nā protein chaperone.
Kōkua nā hopena o kēia hana i ka protein e hoʻokō i kona ʻano hana a hoʻoholo i kahi e hoʻouna ʻia ai ka protein.
3. Ka Lawe ʻana o nā Molecules i nā Organelles ʻē aʻe
Hana ka ER ma ke ʻano he "ala hoʻolaha" no ka mea hiki iā ia ke lawe i nā protein a me nā lipid i nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe o ke kelepona. Hoʻopili ʻia nā molecule i hana ʻia ma ka ER i loko o nā vesicles liʻiliʻi a laila hoʻouna ʻia i ka mea hana Golgi. A laila hoʻokaʻawale a hoʻololi hou ka mea hana Golgi iā lākou ma mua o ke kuhikuhi ʻana i nā protein a i ʻole lipid i ko lākou wahi hope loa, e like me ka membrane plasma a i ʻole e hūnā ʻia mai loko mai o ke kelepona.
4. Ka Hana ʻana o ka Lipid a me Steroid (Ka Hana Nui o ka Smooth ER)
ʻO ka ER laumania ke kikowaena o ka hana lipid i loko o ke kelepona. ʻO kēia mau lipids:
- Nā phospholipids e hana i nā membrane cell,
- Kolesterol,
– Nā hormones steroid (e.g. estrogen a me testosterone) i loko o kekahi mau pūnaewele.
He mea nui ka synthesis lipid no ka mea e hoʻohou mau nā cell i ko lākou mau membrane, hana i nā organelles hou, a hana i nā molekala hōʻailona e pili ana i ka lipid.
5. Ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i nā mea ʻino
ʻO ka Smooth ER, ʻoi aku hoʻi i loko o nā pūnaewele ate, he kuleana nui ia i ka detoxification. Loaʻa i kēia organelle nā enzymes (e like me ka ʻohana cytochrome P450) e kōkua ana i ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā mea ʻawahia i nā ʻano i maʻalahi ke hoʻokuʻu ʻia e ke kino. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona e komo pū me ka hana ʻana o:
- Kekahi mau lāʻau lapaʻau,
– ʻAila,
– Nā hui kemika haole (xenobiotics).
Kōkua kēia hiki ke detoxification i ka pale ʻana i nā cell mai ka hōʻino ʻia ma muli o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o nā mea ʻino.
6. Ka mālama ʻana a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana o nā ʻiona kalipuna
Hana pū ʻo Smooth ER ma ke ʻano he hale kūʻai no ka calcium (Ca²⁺), ʻoi aku hoʻi i loko o nā pūnaewele ʻiʻo. I loko o nā pūnaewele ʻiʻo, ua kapa ʻia kahi ʻano kūikawā o ka ER laumania ʻo ka sarcoplasmic reticulum, kahi e hoʻokuʻu ai i nā ion calcium e hoʻoulu i ka ʻūlū ʻana o nā ʻiʻo a laila mālama hou iā lākou e ʻae i ka ʻiʻo e hoʻomaha. He mea nui hoʻi ka hoʻoponopono ʻana o ka calcium no ka hōʻailona ʻana o nā cell, ka hana enzyme, a me nā kaʻina hana metabolic like ʻole.
7. Kūlana i ka Metabolism Carbohydrate
I loko o kekahi mau ʻano cell, pili ka ER laumania i ka metabolism carbohydrate, me ka uhaʻi ʻana o ka glycogen i glucose. He mea nui kēia kaʻina hana no ka mālama ʻana i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ikehu, ʻoi aku hoʻi i nā holoholona a me nā kānaka.
Pilina ma waena o ke ʻano a me ka hana
ʻO ke ʻano o ka ER, kahi pūnaewele nui o nā membrane, hāʻawi i kahi ʻili ākea no nā hopena kemika. Loaʻa i ka ER ʻino nā ribosomes, e kūpono ai no ka hana ʻana i ka protein nui, ʻoiai ʻo ka ER laumania, me kona ʻano tubular a me nā enzymes kūikawā, kākoʻo i ka synthesis lipid, detoxification, a me ka hoʻoponopono ion. I nā huaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole wale nā ʻokoʻa kino ma waena o ka ER ʻino a me ka laumania he mea hoʻonaninani; ua hoʻopilikino pono ʻia lākou i nā pono hana o ke kelepona.
Pani
He organelle koʻikoʻi ka endoplasmic reticulum i loko o nā cell eukaryotic. Ma o kona ʻano membrane ākea, he kuleana ko ka ER i ka synthesis protein, ka hana ʻana a me ka lawe ʻana i nā molekala, ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā lipid, ka detoxification, a me ka mālama ʻana i ka calcium. ʻO ke alo o ka ER e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana e hiki i nā cell ke hana i nā mea pono, hoʻoponopono i ko lākou hoʻolaha ʻana, a mālama i ke kaulike kūloko. ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke ʻano a me ka hana o ka endoplasmic reticulum e kōkua iā mākou e mahalo i ka paʻakikī a me ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o nā hana i loko o nā cell, me ka hōʻike pū ʻana i ke kumu e hiki ai i nā hoʻopilikia i ka ER ke loaʻa ka hopena koʻikoʻi i ke olakino holoʻokoʻa o ka meaola.
