ʻAno hoʻomaʻemaʻe e ke akepaʻa
ʻO ke akepaʻa kekahi o nā ʻōkana nui loa a koʻikoʻi loa i loko o ke kino o ke kanaka. Ma waho aʻe o ka hana koʻikoʻi i ka metabolism a me ka hana ʻana o nā mea pono e like me nā protein a me nā hormones, lawelawe pū ke akepaʻa ma ke ʻano he kikowaena detoxification mua o ke kino. ʻO ka detoxification ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā mea ʻawahia a ʻino paha mai ke kino, hiki ke loaʻa mai nā kumu like ʻole e like me ka meaʻai, nā mea inu, nā lāʻau lapaʻau, a me ke kaiapuni. E kūkākūkā hohonu kēia ʻatikala i nā ʻano hana detoxification o ke akepaʻa.
ʻAno a me ka Hana o ke Ake
Aia ke akepaʻa ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o luna o ka lua ʻōpū, ma lalo pono o ka diaphragm. He ʻano paʻakikī ko kēia ʻōkana a ua haku ʻia me nā pūnaewele kūikawā i kapa ʻia he hepatocytes. ʻO nā Hepatocytes nā mea nui i ke kaʻina hana detoxification. Aia pū kekahi i loko o ke ʻano o ke akepaʻa nā kīʻaha koko, nā ʻauwai bile, a me nā ʻiʻo hoʻohui, e kōkua ana i ke kahe ʻana o ke koko a me ka bile a kākoʻo i nā hana metabolic.
Kaʻina Hana Detox
Ua māhele ʻia ke kaʻina hana hoʻomaʻemaʻe o ke akepaʻa i ʻekolu mau pae nui: pae I, pae II, a me pae III. Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia pae nā ʻano hana like ʻole a me nā enzymes no ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā mea ʻawahia mai ke kino.
Pae I: Hoʻololi
ʻO ka detoxification Phase I e pili ana i nā hopena enzymatic e hōʻemi ana i ka ʻawahia o nā molekala a hoʻomākaukau paha iā lākou no ka hana hou ʻana i ka pae II. ʻO nā hopena Phase I e pili ana i ka oxidation, reduction, a me ka hydrolysis. ʻO nā enzymes i komo i kēia pae he mau lālā nui ia o ka ʻohana cytochrome P450 (CYP450).
ʻO ka sitokroma P450
He hui nui ʻo Cytochrome P450 o nā enzymes e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka oxidation o nā hui organik. Aia lākou i loko o nā cell ate, ʻo ia hoʻi ma ka endoplasmic reticulum. ʻO ka hana nui o CYP450 ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke ʻano kemika o nā mea ʻawahia ma o ka oxidation. No ka laʻana, hiki i kēia mau enzymes ke hoʻohui i nā ʻātoma oxygen i loko o nā mole hydrocarbon e hana i nā hydroxides, kahi i ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai a ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka hoʻopau ʻia mai ke kino.
Nā Radical Manuahi
Hoʻopuka pū ke kaʻina hana detoxification i ka pae I i nā radical manuahi. He mau molekala pane wikiwiki nā radical manuahi e hiki ke hōʻino i nā ʻāpana kino. No laila, he mea nui e ukali koke ʻia ka pae I e ka pae II e hoʻopau i nā radical manuahi a me kā lākou mau mea waena, e pale ana i ka hōʻino hou aʻe.
Pae II: Hoʻohuihui
Ma hope o ka hoʻololi ʻia ʻana o nā mea ʻawahia i ka pae I, neʻe lākou i ka pae II, kahi e hana ai lākou i nā hopena conjugation. Hoʻohui kēia mau hopena i nā hui polar e like me ka glucuronic acid, sulfate, amino acids, a i ʻole glutathione i ka mea ʻawahia. ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana o kēia mau hui e hoʻolilo i ka mea ʻawahia i mea hoʻoheheʻe wai, e maʻalahi ai ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia mai ke kino i loko o ka mimi a i ʻole ka bile.
Ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka Glucuronidation
Ma kēia kaʻina hana, hoʻohui ʻia ka waikawa glucuronic i ka molekole mea ʻawahia ma o ka hana a ka enzyme UDP-glucuronosyltransferase. ʻO kēia kaʻina hana kekahi o nā ʻano hana hoʻohuihui maʻamau i loko o ke kino. No ka laʻana, ʻo ka bilirubin, kahi huahana haki o ka hemoglobin, ua hana ʻia hoʻi ma o ke ala glucuronidation no ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana mai ke kino.
Sulfation
E like me ka glucuronidation, pili ka sulfation i ka hoʻohui ʻana i kahi hui sulfate i kahi mea ʻawahia. ʻO nā mea i hana pinepine ʻia ma o ka sulfation e komo pū me nā hormones steroid, kekahi mau lāʻau lapaʻau, a me nā neurotransmitters.
Ka Hoʻohui ʻana me Glutathione
ʻO Glutathione kahi tripeptide i haku ʻia me ʻekolu mau waikawa amino: glutamate, cysteine, a me glycine. ʻO ke kaʻina hana hoʻohui me ka glutathione e pili ana i ka hoʻohui ʻana o kahi hui glutathione i kahi mea ʻawahia e ka enzyme glutathione S-transferase (GST). He mea koʻikoʻi kēia hopena no ka mea he mau waiwai antioxidant ikaika ko ka glutathione a hiki ke hoʻopau i nā mea ʻawahia electrophilic, ʻo ia hoʻi nā mea e huki ai i nā electrons.
Pae III: Hoʻokuʻu ʻia
ʻO ka pae hope loa o ke kaʻina hana detoxification ka excretion, kahi e hoʻoneʻe ʻia ai nā mea i hoʻololi ʻia a lilo i mea hoʻoheheʻe wai mai ke kino. Hiki ke hana ʻia ka excretion ma o ka mimi a i ʻole ka bile. I loko o ka bile, lawe ʻia nā mea ʻawahia mai ke akepaʻa a i ka gallbladder a laila i nā ʻōpū, mai kahi e hoʻoneʻe ʻia ai i loko o ka ʻōpala.
Ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana ma o ka mimi
ʻOi aku ka wai o nā mea ʻawahia i hoʻohui ʻia a hoʻokuʻu ʻia ma o nā puʻupaʻa i loko o ka mimi. Hana nā puʻupaʻa ma ke ʻano he kānana mua o ke kino, e wehe ana i nā huahana ʻōpala a mālama i ke kaulike wai a me ka electrolyte.
Ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana ma o ka Bile
Hoʻopuka ʻia ka Bile e nā hepatocytes a loaʻa iā ia nā mea ʻawahia i hana ʻia a me kekahi mau huahana ʻōpala metabolic. Lawe ʻia ka Bile i ka gallbladder a laila hoʻokuʻu ʻia i loko o ka ʻōpū liʻiliʻi. I ka hopena, hoʻokuʻu ʻia kēia mau mea mai ke kino ma o ka feces.
Nā Kumu e Pili Ana i ka Detoxification
Hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia ka pono a me ka hiki o ka detoxification ate e nā kumu like ʻole, me ka genetics, ka makahiki, ka ʻai, ke ʻano o ka nohona, a me kekahi mau kūlana olakino.
genetics
Hiki i ka ʻokoʻa genetic ke hoʻopilikia i ka hana o nā enzymes detoxification, ʻoiai nā mea i loko o ka ʻohana cytochrome P450. Hiki i nā polymorphisms genetic i loko o kēia mau enzymes ke alakaʻi i nā ʻokoʻa i ka wikiwiki o ka metabolism o nā mea ʻawahia, e hoʻopilikia hope ana i ka pilikia o ke kanaka i ka lāʻau make a i ʻole kekahi mau maʻi e pili ana i ka kemika.
ʻai
He kuleana koʻikoʻi ko ka meaʻai i ka detoxification. No ka laʻana, hiki i nā meaʻai kiʻekiʻe i nā antioxidants, e like me nā huaʻai a me nā mea kanu, ke pale aku i nā hopena o nā radical free i hana ʻia i ka wā o ka detoxification phase I. Eia kekahi, ua hōʻike ʻia ka ʻai ʻana i nā mea kanu cruciferous e like me ka broccoli a me ka kale e hoʻonui i ka hana o nā enzymes detoxification phase II.
Kaila ola
Hiki i nā mea nohona e like me ka inu ʻana i ka waiʻona, ka puhi paka, a me ka ʻike ʻana i nā mea haumia o ke kaiapuni ke hoʻopilikia i ka hiki ke hoʻopau i nā mea ʻino o ke akepaʻa. No ka laʻana, hiki i ka waiʻona ke hōʻino i ke akepaʻa a hoʻopilikia i ka hana o nā enzymes detoxification. No laila, ʻo ka hoʻēmi ʻana i ka inu ʻana i ka waiʻona a me ka pale ʻana i ka ʻike ʻana i nā kemika ʻino he mea nui ia no ka mālama ʻana i ka hana detoxification o ke akepaʻa.
Nā Kūlana Ola Kino
ʻO kekahi mau maʻi olakino, e like me ka maʻi akepaʻa mau loa, hemochromatosis, a me nā maʻi metabolic, hiki ke hoʻopilikia i ka hana detoxification o ke akepaʻa. He mea nui ka mālama ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana i kēia mau maʻi no ka mālama ʻana i ka hiki ke detoxification o ke kino.
Ka hopena
He ʻōkana koʻikoʻi ke akepaʻa i ke kaʻina hana detoxification o ke kino. Ma o kahi ʻano hana detoxification ʻekolu-paepae—ka hoʻololi ʻana, ka conjugation, a me ka excretion—hiki i ke akepaʻa ke hana a hoʻopau i nā mea ʻawahia like ʻole mai ke kino. Pili kēia kaʻina hana i nā enzymes he nui a me nā hopena biochemical paʻakikī. No ka mālama ʻana i ke olakino o ke akepaʻa a me ka pono o ka detoxification, he mea nui e ʻai i ka ʻai kaulike, pale i nā mea ʻino, a mālama i kahi nohona olakino. He kuleana koʻikoʻi nō hoʻi nā kumu genetic a me nā kūlana olakino ma lalo i ka hiki ke detoxification o ke akepaʻa a hiki ke hoʻololi i ke ʻano o ka pane ʻana o ke kino i nā mea ʻawahia. Ma ke ʻano he ʻōkana koʻikoʻi, ʻo ka mālama ʻana i ke olakino o ke akepaʻa e kōkua pū i ke olakino o ke kino holoʻokoʻa.
