Ka wehewehe ʻana o nā Electrons a me nā Protons
Pendahuluan
ʻO nā electrons a me nā protons ʻelua ʻano o nā ʻāpana subatomic i mea nui i ka physics a me ke kemika. ʻO lākou nā poloka kūkulu kumu o nā ʻātoma, ʻo ia hoʻi nā poloka kūkulu o nā mea āpau o ke ao holoʻokoʻa. He mea nui ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā electrons a me nā protons no ke aʻo ʻana i ke ʻano atomic, nā hopena kemika, a me nā hanana kino ʻē aʻe he nui. E kūkākūkā kēia ʻatikala i nā kumu, nā waiwai, a me nā kuleana o nā electrons a me nā protons.
Nā ʻElektrone: Nā ʻĀpana i Hoʻopiʻi ʻia me ka Maikaʻi ʻole
Moʻolelo o ka ʻIke ʻana
Ua ʻike mua ʻia nā electrons e ke kanaka loea i ka ʻepekema ʻo J.J. Thomson i ka makahiki 1897 ma o nā hoʻokolohua paipu kukuna cathode. Ua hoʻololi kēia ʻike i ko mākou ʻike i ke ʻano o ka ʻātoma mai ke kumu hoʻohālike pudding plum i kahi mea ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī.
Nā Waiwai o nā Electrons
He mau ʻāpana subatomic nā electrons me kahi hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻole (-1). ʻO ke kaumaha o kahi electron ma kahi o 9.109 × 10^-31 kilokani, he mea liʻiliʻi loa ia i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā kaumaha o nā protons a me nā neutrons. ʻOiai ko lākou kaumaha māmā, he kuleana koʻikoʻi ko nā electrons i nā hanana kino a me nā kemika like ʻole.
Ka Hoʻolaha ʻana o nā Electrons i loko o nā ʻĀtoma
Hoʻolaha ʻia nā electrons ma nā papa, a i ʻole "nā pūpū," a puni ka nucleus (ke kikowaena o kahi ʻātoma). Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia pūpū kahi pae ikehu ʻokoʻa, a ke noho nei nā electrons i ka papa me ka ikehu haʻahaʻa loa. Hāʻawi ke kumumanaʻo o ka mechanics quantum i kahi ʻōnaehana makemakika no ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke ʻano o nā electrons i loko o nā ʻātoma, ma o nā manaʻo o nā hana nalu a me ka hiki.
Ke Kuleana o nā Electrons
ʻO nā electrons ke kuleana no nā hanana he nui ma nā unahi microscopic a me macroscopic. I ke kemika, he kuleana koʻikoʻi nā electrons i loko o ka pūpū waho loa (nā electrons valence) i nā pilina kemika a me nā hopena kemika. I ka uila a me ka magnetism, ʻo ke kahe o nā electrons ka mea a mākou i ʻike ai he au uila.
Proton: ʻĀpana i hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻia
Moʻolelo o ka ʻIke ʻana
Ua ʻike ʻia nā proton e Ernest Rutherford i ka makahiki 1919 ma o nā hoʻokolohua āna i hoʻopōkā ai i ka naikokene me nā ʻāpana alpha, e hana ana i nā ʻāpana hydrogen maikaʻi. Ua alakaʻi kēia ʻike ʻana i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana he mau protons a me nā neutrons ka nucleus atomika.
Nā Waiwai o nā Protons
He ʻāpana subatomic ka proton me kahi uku maikaʻi (+1) a me ka nuipaʻa ma kahi o 1.672 × 10^-27 kilokani, ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ka nuipaʻa o kahi electron. ʻO nā protons, me nā neutrons, e hana i ka nucleus atomic, ka mea e hana i ka hapa nui o ka nuipaʻa o ka atom.
Kahi o nā Protons i loko o nā ʻātoma
Aia nā proton i loko o ka nucleus, ke kikowaena paʻa loa o kahi ʻātoma, he liʻiliʻi ia i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka nui holoʻokoʻa o ka ʻātoma. Ua wehewehe ʻia kēlā me kēia mea kemika e ka helu o nā protons i loko o kona nucleus, i ʻike ʻia ʻo kona helu atomika. No ka laʻana, he ʻeono protons ko ke kalapona i loko o kona nucleus, a he ʻewalu ko ka oxygen.
Ke Kuleana o nā Protons
Hāʻawi nā proton i ke kūpaʻa a me ka ʻike i nā ʻātoma. He kuleana ko nā proton i ka pilina ikaika o ka nukelea, ʻo ia ka ikaika kumu e hoʻopaʻa pū ai i ka nukelea ma o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā proton a me nā neutron. Eia kekahi, i nā hopena kemika, hiki i nā loli i ka helu o nā proton ke hoʻololi i kekahi mea i kekahi ma o nā hopena nukelea.
Nā Hana like a me nā Pilina ma waena o nā Electrons a me nā Protons
Ka Mana Uila Makeneka
Hoʻowalewale ʻia nā electrons a me nā protons kekahi i kekahi e ka ikaika electromagnetic. ʻO kēia mea hoʻowalewale ke kumu o ke ʻano atomika. Mālama nā electrons e hoʻopuni ana i ka nucleus i kahi mamao ma muli o ke kaulike ma waena o ka ikaika hoʻowalewale o nā protons a me ka ikehu kinetic o nā electrons.
Nā ʻĀtoma a me ka Uila Uila
I ke kūlana kūʻokoʻa, loaʻa i kahi ʻātoma ka helu like o nā protons a me nā electrons, no laila ʻaʻohe kona uku holoʻokoʻa. Eia nō naʻe, hiki i nā ʻātoma ke nalowale a loaʻa paha nā electrons, e lilo i mau ion i hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻia (cations) inā nalowale nā electrons, a i ʻole nā ion i hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻole ʻia (anions) inā loaʻa iā lākou nā electrons. He mea nui kēia kaʻina hana i nā hopena kemika he nui a me nā noi ʻenehana like ʻole, me nā pila a me nā cell electrolytic.
Nā Hoʻopaʻa Kemika
Hana ʻia nā pilina kemika ma muli o nā pilina ma waena o nā electrons i loko o nā pūpū waho o nā ʻātoma. ʻO nā protons, ma o kā lākou mau electrons, e hoʻoholo i ke ʻano o ka pane ʻana o nā ʻātoma kekahi i kekahi. Aia kekahi mau ʻano o nā pilina kemika, me nā pilina covalent, ionic, a me nā metallic, nā mea a pau e pili ana i nā electrons ma kekahi ʻano.
Nā noi a me nā hopena
Ma ka ʻenehana hou
He kuleana koʻikoʻi ko nā electrons i aneane nā ʻenehana uila hou. Mai nā semiconductors i loko o nā kamepiula a me nā kelepona akamai a hiki i nā mea lapaʻau a me ka ʻenehana ʻike, ʻo ke ʻano o nā electrons i loko o nā mea a me nā kaapuni he mea nui ia i kā lākou hana.
ʻO ke Kino Nuklea a me nā Mea Hana Nuklea
He mea nui nā proton i ke kinoea nukelea a me ka ʻenehana reactor nukelea. I ka fusion nukelea, hui pū nā proton e hana i ka helium, e hoʻokuʻu ana i ka ikehu i ke kaʻina hana. ʻO kēia ke kumu o ka lā a me nā hōkū āpau, a he wahi noiʻi ikaika nō hoʻi ia no nā kumu ikehu hou, maʻemaʻe, a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi.
Nā hopena i ka Biology
I loko o ka biology, he kuleana koʻikoʻi ko nā proton i nā kaʻina hana biochemical like ʻole. No ka laʻana, hoʻohana ʻia ka gradient proton ma waena o ka membrane cell e hana i ka adenosine triphosphate (ATP), ka molekala e hāʻawi ana i ka ikehu no aneane nā kaʻina hana cellular āpau i loko o nā meaola ola.
Pani
ʻO nā electrons a me nā protons he mau ʻāpana subatomic kumu e hana ana i nā mea i loko o ke ao holoʻokoʻa. Me nā waiwai like ʻole akā hoʻopiha, hiki iā lākou ke hana i nā hanana kino a me nā kemika paʻakikī, mai ke ʻano atomika a i nā hopena kemika a me ka ʻenehana hou. ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo hohonu ʻana i kēia mau ʻāpana ʻaʻole wale e hoʻonui i ko mākou ʻike o ke ao holoʻokoʻa akā wehe pū i ka puka i nā hana hou ʻenehana e hoʻopilikia i nā ʻano he nui o ko mākou ola.
