ʻAno Hana Hopena Photoelectric
ʻO ka hopena photoelectric kahi hanana i ka physics e pili ana i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o nā electrons mai ka ʻili o kahi mea ke paʻi ka mālamalama a i ʻole ka radiation electromagnetic iā ia. Ua ʻike mua ʻia kēia hopena e ka ʻepekema Kelemania ʻo Heinrich Hertz i ka makahiki 1887 a ma hope ua wehewehe hou ʻia e Albert Einstein i ka makahiki 1905, ka mea i loaʻa iā ia ka Nobel Prize in Physics i ka makahiki 1921.
Wehewehe Manaʻo
He mea koʻikoʻi ka hopena photoelectric i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ke kumumanaʻo quantum o ka mālamalama. ʻAʻole i hiki i nā wehewehe kuʻuna ke hāʻawi i kahi wehewehe kūpono o ka hanana. Eia nō naʻe, ua manaʻo ʻo Einstein ʻaʻole wale ka mālamalama he nalu akā he mau ʻāpana liʻiliʻi hoʻi i kapa ʻia he photons. Hoʻokumu ʻia kāna kumumanaʻo ma ka manaʻo e pili ana ka ikehu o ka mālamalama i kona alapine (frequency) a hiki ke hōʻike ʻia e like me \(E = h \nu\), kahi \(E\) ka ikehu, \(h\) ka mau o Planck, a ʻo \(\nu\) ka alapine (frequency) o ka mālamalama.
Ke pā mai ka mālamalama i ka ʻili o kahi mea, hiki ke hoʻoili ʻia kēia mau photons i nā electrons i loko o ka mea. Inā lawa ka nui o ka ikehu o nā photons e ʻoi aku ma mua o ka hana hana (\(\phi\)) o ka mea, ʻo ia ka ikehu liʻiliʻi loa e pono ai e wehe i kahi electron mai ka ʻili, a laila e hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka electron. Ua wehewehe ʻia kēia kaulike e ka pilina a Einstein no ka hopena photoelectric:
\[
E = h \nu = \phi + KE
\]
kahi ʻo \(KE\) ka ikehu kinetic kiʻekiʻe loa o nā electrons i hoʻokuʻu ʻia. Inā emi ke alapine (frequency) o ke kukui ma mua o kekahi waiwai, ʻaʻohe electrons e hoʻokuʻu ʻia, ʻaʻohe mea pehea ke kiʻekiʻe o ka ikaika o ke kukui.
Nā ʻano o ka hopena Photoelectric
Palena Alapine (Pinepine)
Aia kahi palena palena iki ma ke alapine (frequency) o ke kukui, i kapa ʻia ʻo ka alapine (threshold frequency) (\(\nu_0\)), ma lalo o ia mea ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā electrons me ka nānā ʻole i ka ikaika o ke kukui. He ʻokoʻa loa kēia mai ke kumumanaʻo nalu kuʻuna, kahi e wānana ai e pili ana ka ikehu i omo ʻia e kahi electron i ka ikaika.
Ikehu Kinetic o nā Elekona
Hoʻonui linear ʻia ka ikehu kinetic o nā electrons i hoʻokuʻu ʻia me ke alapine (frequency) o ke kukui e paʻi ana i ka ʻili, akā kūʻokoʻa ia mai ka ikaika o ke kukui. Ma ke ʻano \(KE = h \nu – \phi\), ʻo ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka \(\nu\) e hoʻonui ai i ka \(KE\).
Ka ikaika o ka mālamalama a me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o nā uila
ʻO ka lawa ʻana o ke alapine photon e hopena i ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka helu o nā electrons i hoʻokuʻu ʻia me ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka ikaika o ke kukui, akā ʻaʻole loli ka ikehu o kēlā me kēia electron. Hiki ke wehewehe ʻia kēia e ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka helu o nā photons e paʻi ana i ka ʻili o ka mea me ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe.
Hana Hana
ʻO ka hana hana \(\phi\) kahi ʻano kū hoʻokahi o kēlā me kēia mea. ʻOi aku ka maʻalahi o ka hoʻopuka ʻana o nā mea me ka hana hana haʻahaʻa i nā electrons ma mua o nā mea me ka hana hana kiʻekiʻe.
Nā Hoʻohana Kūpono
He nui nā noi pono o ka hopena photoelectric e komo pū ana me:
Photocell a i ʻole Photodetector
Hoʻohana nā mea ʻike kukui, a i ʻole nā kelepona photon, i ka hopena photoelectric e hoʻololi i ka mālamalama i kahi hōʻailona uila. Hoʻohana ʻia lākou i nā ʻano mea like ʻole, me nā kelepona akamai, nā kāmela, a me nā mea hoʻokipa mamao TV.
ʻenehana ikehu lā
Hoʻohana nā panela solar a i ʻole nā kelepona solar i ke kumumanaʻo o ka hopena photoelectric e hoʻololi i ka ikehu māmā mai ka lā i ka ikehu uila.
Mikroskopa Uila
Hoʻohana nā microscope electron i ka ʻike ʻana i nā electrons i hoʻopuka ʻia e ka hopena photoelectric e hana i nā kiʻi hoʻonā kiʻekiʻe o nā ʻili mea.
Ka hoʻopuehu ʻana o ke kukuna X
I ka noiʻi ʻana i nā mea, hoʻohana ʻia ka hopena photoelectric e kālailai i ka haku mele ʻana o nā mea ma o ke ʻano o nā kukuna x-ray i hoʻopuehu ʻia.
Hōʻoia Hoʻokolohua
Ua hōʻoia kekahi mau hoʻokolohua i ka hopena photoelectric a kākoʻo i ke kumumanaʻo o Einstein. ʻO kekahi o nā mea kaulana loa ʻo ia ka hoʻokolohua Millikan i mālama ʻia e Robert Millikan. Ma kēia hoʻokolohua, ua loaʻa iā ia kahi waiwai hoʻokolohua no ka kūpaʻa o Planck (\(h\)) i kūlike me ka waiwai theoretical, e hōʻike ana ua pololei ka wānana a Einstein no ka ikehu kinetic o ka electron.
Ka hopena
Ua hāʻawi mai ke ʻano o ka hopena photoelectric i nā ʻike koʻikoʻi i ko mākou ʻike ʻana i ke ʻano o ka mālamalama a me kāna mau pilina me nā mea. ʻO kēia ʻike ʻana, ma muli o ke kumumanaʻo o ka photon ma ke ʻano he quantum o ka ikehu, ua hiki ai i nā physicists ke hoʻomohala i kahi kumumanaʻo quantum piha aʻe. Ua hoʻomākaukau pū kēia hopena i ke ala no nā hana hou ʻenehana ma nā ʻāpana he nui, e like me nā sensor, nā kamaʻilio, a me ka ikehu hou.
Ma keʻano holoʻokoʻa, ʻaʻole wale ka hopena photoelectric he hanana kino koʻikoʻi akā hōʻike pū kekahi i nā ʻano noi like ʻole e hoʻopilikia i ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā. Ke noho nei kēia hanana i wahi noiʻi ikaika, me nā ʻike e hoʻomau nei e hoʻonui ana i ko mākou ʻike i kēia ao quantum kupanaha a hoihoi.
