Ka Mana o ka Hoʻowalewale ma waena o nā Honua
Ua hoʻoikaika nui ʻia nā hōkūhele e kaʻapuni ana i ka Lā i loko o kā mākou ʻōnaehana lā e nā mana umekaumaha like ʻole. Mai ka wā i hoʻolauna mua ai ʻo Isaac Newton i ke kānāwai o ka umekaumaha, ua holomua koke ka ʻike o nā pilina ma waena o nā hōkūhele, e alakaʻi ana i kahi ʻike hohonu o nā dinamika e pāʻani nei. ʻO kahi ʻano koʻikoʻi o ka ʻike hōkūhele ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā mana umekaumaha ma waena o nā hōkūhele a pehea lākou e hoʻohuli ai i ko lākou mau kaʻapuni a me nā ʻano.
Ke Kānāwai o ka Umekaumaha o Newton
I mea e hoʻomaopopo ai i ka ikaika umekaumaha ma waena o nā hōkūhele, pono kākou e hoʻomaka me ke kānāwai o ka umekaumaha i hoʻolauna ʻia e Sir Isaac Newton i ke kenekulia 17. ʻŌlelo ke kānāwai o ka umekaumaha a Newton: "Hoʻowalewale kēlā me kēia ʻāpana i loko o ke ao holoʻokoʻa i nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe me ka ikaika e kūlike ana i ka huahana o ko lākou mau nuipa a kūlike ʻole i ka huinahā o ka mamao ma waena o lākou." ʻO ke ʻano kēia, ʻo ka pili kokoke ʻana o nā mea ʻelua, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ikaika o ka huki ʻana ma waena o lākou, a ʻo ka nui o ko lākou mau nuipa, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ikaika o ka huki ʻana.
ʻO ke ʻano makemakika penei: \( F = G \frac{m_1 m_2}{r^2} \), kahi ʻo \( F \) ka ikaika o ka huki ʻana, ʻo \( G \) ke kūpaʻa umekaumaha, ʻo \( m_1 \) a me \( m_2 \) nā nuipaʻa o nā mea ʻelua, a ʻo \( r \) ka mamao ma waena o nā kikowaena o nā mea ʻelua.
Nā Hana Pilikino Umekaumaha ma waena o nā Honua
ʻOiai ʻo ka ikaika nui e hoʻopilikia nei i nā kaʻapuni honua ʻo ia ka umekaumaha o ka Lā, hoʻopilikia pū nā hōkūhele kekahi i kekahi. Ke kokoke nā hōkūhele ʻelua i kekahi i kekahi, huki lākou kekahi i kekahi, kahi e hiki ai ke hoʻololi i kā lākou mau kaʻapuni. Hiki i kēia mau pilina ke paʻakikī loa no ka mea pili lākou i nā mea ʻelua, i kekahi manawa i kapa ʻia ʻo ka pilikia n-body.
Eia kekahi laʻana, he mana koʻikoʻi ko Jupiter i ka umekaumaha ma luna o nā hōkūhele kokoke, ma muli o kona nui nui. Hiki i ka mana umekaumaha o kēia kinoea nui ke hana i nā neʻe orbital a hiki paha ke hoʻopilikia i ke kīloi ʻana o nā koʻi wili o nā hōkūhele ʻē aʻe.
Hopena Resonance Orbital
ʻO kekahi hōʻike o ka pilina umekaumaha ma waena o nā hōkūhele, ʻo ia ka resonance orbital. Hana ʻia ka resonance orbital i ka wā e loaʻa ai i ʻelua a ʻoi aku paha nā manawa orbital o nā mea lani e pili ana i kahi ratio helu holoʻokoʻa maʻalahi. No ka laʻana, aia kekahi mau asteroids ma ke kāʻei asteroid nui i ka resonance orbital me Jupiter, ʻo ia hoʻi, hoʻopau lākou i kā lākou mau orbits ma nā multiples maʻalahi o ka wā orbital o Jupiter. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona kaulana o kēia resonance ʻo ia nā resonances 2:1 a me 3:2 ma waena o nā asteroids a me Jupiter.
ʻAʻole wale ke koʻikoʻi o ka resonance orbital ma ke kāʻei asteroid; ʻike ʻia ka hopena ma nā mahina o Jupiter lāua ʻo Saturn. No ka laʻana, aia nā mahina ʻo Io, Europa, a me Ganymede i kahi resonance 1:2:4 kekahi me kekahi, ʻo ia hoʻi no kēlā me kēia ʻehā orbits a Io e hoʻopau ai, hoʻopau ʻo Europa i ʻelua, a hoʻopau ʻo Ganymede i hoʻokahi orbit piha.
Hāʻawi kēia mau resonances i ke kūpaʻa lōʻihi ma nā orbits a hōʻemi i ka likelika o nā collisions ma waena o nā mea. Eia nō naʻe, hiki iā lākou ke hoʻonui i ka seismicity kūloko i loko o nā mea ma muli o ka loli ʻana o nā mana kai, e like me ka mea e hana ʻia ma nā mahina o Jupiter ʻo Europa lāua ʻo Io, nona ka umekaumaha e hoʻoulu ai i ka hana pele a me nā pāpale hau e hiki ke hoʻopaʻa i nā moana ma lalo o lākou.
Ka Mana o ka Umekaumaha o Saturn lāua ʻo Jupiter
ʻO nā hōkūhele ʻelua nui loa i loko o kā mākou ʻōnaehana lā, ʻo Jupiter lāua ʻo Saturn, he mana koʻikoʻi ko lākou no ka umekaumaha, ʻaʻole wale kekahi i kekahi akā ma ka ʻōnaehana lā holoʻokoʻa. ʻO Jupiter, me kona nuipa ʻoi aku ma mua o ka pālua o nā hōkūhele ʻē aʻe a pau i hui pū ʻia, he kuleana nui kāna i ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka haku mele a me ke ʻano o ke kāʻei Asteroid a me nā kūlana o nā hōkūhele o waho.
ʻOiai ʻoi aku ka māmā o Saturn ma mua o Jupiter, he mana koʻikoʻi nō hoʻi kona. Ua ʻike ʻia ua hoʻololi nui ka pilina ma waena o Jupiter lāua ʻo Saturn i ka ʻōnaehana lā mua, me ka neʻe ʻana o nā kinoea nui mai ko lākou mau orbits mua a me ko lākou hiki ke "hoʻomaʻemaʻe" i ko lākou mau orbits mai ka lepo a me ka pōhaku. Ua ʻike ʻia kēia mana ma ke ʻano paʻakikī o ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka tectonic a me ke kūlou ʻana o nā apo o Saturn.
Ka Hopena o nā Mana Hoʻowalewale ma nā Orbits Exoplanet
ʻAʻole i kaupalena ʻia ke kumumanaʻo o ka huki ʻana ma waena o nā hōkūhele i ko kākou ʻōnaehana lā. ʻO ka ʻike ʻia ʻana o nā exoplanets—nā hōkūhele e kaapuni ana i nā hōkū ʻē aʻe—ua wehe i kahi ʻāina hou no nā kānaka ʻepekema e hoʻāʻo i nā hiʻohiʻona o ka umekaumaha a me nā dynamics orbital. Hōʻike ka nui o nā ʻōnaehana exoplanetary i nā hōʻike o ka resonance orbital a me nā mana umekaumaha ikaika ma waena o nā hōkūhele.
Eia kekahi laʻana, ʻehiku mau hōkūhele o ka ʻōnaehana TRAPPIST-1 e kokoke ana me nā lakio orbital kikoʻī e hōʻike ana i nā hōʻailona o nā resonances paʻakikī. ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā mana o ka huki ʻana ma waena o kēia mau hōkūhele e kōkua i nā mea kilo hōkū e aʻo hou e pili ana i ka mōʻaukala ikaika o nā ʻōnaehana exoplanetary e like me kā mākou.
Ka hopena ma nā ʻaoʻao kiʻekiʻe loa o ka Honua
Ma waho aʻe o nā pilina umekaumaha pololei, hiki i ka huki umekaumaha o nā hōkūhele ʻē aʻe ke hoʻopilikia i ka Honua a me kona kaiapuni lewa. No ka laʻana, hiki i nā kūlana o Jupiter lāua ʻo Saturn ke hoʻopilikia i ke axial tilt o ka Honua ma luna o nā manawa lōʻihi loa, hiki ke hoʻopilikia i ke aniau honua. ʻOi aku ka ʻike ʻia o nā nalu kai i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka umekaumaha o ka Mahina a me ka Lā, akā ʻo ke kumumanaʻo o nā "tides" interplanetary ma kahi pae nui aʻe he wahi hoihoi nō hoʻi ia o ke aʻo ʻana.
Ka hopena
ʻAʻole wale ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka huki ʻana o ka umekaumaha ma waena o nā hōkūhele he mea nui ia no ka ʻike kumumanaʻo akā he mau noi kūpono hoʻi ia ma nā ʻano he nui, me ka ʻimi ʻana i ka lewa a me ka wānana ʻana i ka lewa. Mai ka mana ikaika o Jupiter a hiki i nā resonances orbital paʻakikī, ʻo ka huki ʻana o ka umekaumaha e hoʻopaʻa ai i nā hōkūhele kekahi o nā mana koʻikoʻi loa e hoʻopili ana i ka dinamika o kā mākou ʻōnaehana lā.
I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hoʻonui nui ʻia ko mākou ʻike i nā pilina ma waena o nā hōkūhele e nā nānā ʻana a me nā hoʻohālikelike kamepiula. ʻAʻole wale kēia ʻike i hoʻonui ʻia e kōkua i ka mālama ʻana i ke kūlike o ka ʻōnaehana lā akā e hoʻomaopopo pū i nā ʻōnaehana hōkūhele ma ʻō aku o ko kākou galaxy. ʻO ka huki umekaumaha ma waena o nā hōkūhele kekahi o nā mea pohihihi o ke ao holoʻokoʻa, a ʻo ka nui o kā mākou aʻo ʻana, ʻo ka nui o ko mākou ʻike ʻana i ka nani makemakika a me nā mana kino e hoʻomalu ana i ko mākou ola ʻana.
