Ua wehewehe ʻia nā hanana kūlohelohe e ka Physics
Ua manaʻo pinepine ʻia ke ʻano o ka physics he kumuhana piha i nā ʻano hana a me nā helu ʻana, akā ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ua kokoke loa ia i ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā. ʻAneʻane hiki ke hoʻomaopopo ʻia nā hanana kūlohelohe a pau a mākou e nānā ai—mai ka hāʻule ʻana o ka ua a hiki i ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o nā ānuenue a hiki i ke kumu e ʻike ʻia ai ka lani he uliuli—ma o nā manaʻo kino. Ma ke aʻo ʻana i ka physics, ʻaʻole mākou e hoʻopaʻanaʻau wale i nā kumumanaʻo akā e hoʻomohala pū i nā ʻano noʻonoʻo e wehewehe i ke kumu e hana ai ke ʻano e like me kā mākou nānā ʻana. Kūkākūkā kēia ʻatikala i kekahi mau hanana kūlohelohe kaulana a me kā lākou wehewehe kino pōkole akā maopopo.
1. No ke aha i uliuli ai ka lani?
ʻIke ʻia ka lani he uliuli ma muli o kahi hanana i kapa ʻia ʻo Rayleigh scattering. Hana ʻia ka lā e nā nalu like ʻole (nā kala). Ke komo kēlā kukui i ka lewa o ka Honua, hālāwai ia me nā molekala ea e like me ka naikokene a me ka oxygen. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o kēia mau molekala liʻiliʻi i ka hoʻopuehu ʻana i ke kukui pōkole, e like me ka uliuli a me ka poni, ma mua o ke kukui lōʻihi, e like me ka ʻulaʻula.
ʻOiai ua hoʻopuehu nui ʻia ka poni i kahi nui, ʻoi aku ka ʻike o ka maka kanaka i ka polū, a ua komo pū kekahi mau kukui poni i ka lewa. No laila, mai nā ʻaoʻao like ʻole, loaʻa iā mākou ka mālamalama polū i hoʻopuehu ʻia, e hoʻolilo ana i ka lani i polū. I ka puka ʻana o ka lā a i ʻole ka napoʻo ʻana o ka lā, hele ka mālamalama ma waena o kahi lewa mānoanoa, no laila ua hoʻopuehu nui ʻia ka mālamalama polū mai ke kahua o ka ʻike, e waiho ana i ke kala ʻulaʻula-ʻalani nui.
2. Ānuenue: Ke ʻAno o nā Waihoʻoluʻu ma ka Lani
Hoʻokumu ʻia nā ānuenue ke launa pū ka lā me nā kulu wai i ka lewa, no ka laʻana ma hope o ka ua. Pili kēia hanana i ʻekolu mau kaʻina hana nui: refraction, internal reflection, a me dispersion.
Ke komo ke kukui i loko o kahi kulu wai, ua hoʻohuli ʻia, a laila ua hōʻike ʻia i loko o ka kulu wai, a laila puka hou i waho ma o ka lua o ka refraction. No ka mea, he ʻokoʻa iki ka refractive index o kēlā me kēia kala, ua haki ke kukui keʻokeʻo i loko o kahi spectrum o nā kala. ʻO ka hopena, he ʻākuhi kala ma ke ʻano maʻamau: ʻulaʻula, ʻalani, melemele, ʻōmaʻomaʻo, uliuli, indigo, a me ka poni. Aia ke kūlana o ke ānuenue i ke kihi ma waena o ka Lā, ka mea nānā, a me ka kulu wai. ʻO ia ke kumu e ʻike pinepine ʻia ai nā ānuenue i ka wā e kū ana ka Lā ma hope o ka mea nānā a aia nā kulu ua i mua.
3. Uila a me ka hekili: Uila a me nā nalu kani
He hoʻokuʻu uila nui ka uila i ka lewa. I loko o nā ao ʻino, kuʻi nā ʻāpana hau, nā kulu wai, a me nā au ea, e hana ana i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā uku: lilo kekahi mau ʻāpana i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ʻole o kekahi. Ke nui loa ka ʻokoʻa o ka hiki ke uila, hiki i ka ea, ʻo ia hoʻi he mea hoʻokaʻawale maʻamau, ke "haʻihaʻi" a lilo i alakaʻi. ʻO kēia ka manawa e hana ʻia ai ka uila a mākou e ʻike pinepine ai.
ʻO ka hekili ke kani i hana ʻia e ka uila. Hoʻomehana koke ka uila i ka ea a puni, e hoʻonui koke ana a hana i nā nalu haʻalulu. ʻO kēia mau nalu ka mea a mākou e lohe ai he hekili. ʻIke pinepine mākou i ka uila ma mua o ko mākou lohe ʻana i ka hekili no ka mea hele wikiwiki loa ka mālamalama ma mua o ke kani. Ma ke ana ʻana i ka manawa ma waena o ka uila a me ke kani, hiki iā mākou ke kuhi i ka mamao o kahi ʻino.
4. Nā ʻale a me nā au o ke kai
Hoʻokumu pinepine ʻia nā nalu ma luna o ka ʻili o ke kai e ka makani e hoʻoili ana i ka ikehu i ka wai. ʻO ka ikaika o ka makani, ʻo ka lōʻihi o kona puhi ʻana, a ʻo ka laulā o ka wahi i pā ai, ʻo ka nui o nā nalu maʻamau. Mai kahi hiʻohiʻona kino, ʻo nā nalu he laʻana o kahi nalu mechanical: hoʻolaha ka ikehu ma o ka wai (wai), ʻoiai ʻo nā ʻāpana wai e neʻe wale i luna a i lalo a wili iki paha, ʻaʻole e hele a hiki i ka mamao e like me ka mea i manaʻo pinepine ʻia.
I ka hoʻokokoke ʻana o nā nalu i ke kahakai, emi iho ka hohonu o ka wai, e "huki" ʻia ai ka lalo o ka nalu e ka papakū o ke kai. ʻO ka hopena, lohi ka nalu, emi iho kona nalu, a piʻi aʻe kona piko a hiki i ka haki ʻana. Hōʻike kēia hanana i ke kumu e ʻokoʻa ai ka hana a nā nalu o waho ma mua o nā nalu o loko.
5. Nā Kai: Ka Huki ʻana o ka Mahina a me ka Lā ma ke ʻAno Uila
He mau hanana manawa nā kai eʻe i hoʻopili nui ʻia e ka huki ʻumekaumaha o ka Mahina, a ukali ʻia e ka Lā. Huki ka Mahina i ka nui o ka wai ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka Honua e kū pono ana i ka Mahina, e hana ana i kahi "puʻupuʻu" o ka wai kai. ʻO ka mea hoihoi, aia kekahi puʻupuʻu ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe ma muli o ka hui pū ʻana o ka umekaumaha a me nā hopena inertial o ka ʻōnaehana Honua-Mahina. Ma muli o ka wili ʻana o ka Honua, ʻike kekahi mau wahi kahakai i nā kai kiʻekiʻe a me nā kai haʻahaʻa i kēlā me kēia manawa.
He kuleana ko ka lā. Ke kūlike ka Mahina a me ka Lā (i ka wā o ka mahina hou a piha paha), hiki ke kiʻekiʻe aʻe ke kai a emi iho ke kai haʻahaʻa—i kapa ʻia he kai puna. Ke hana nā mea ʻelua i kahi kihi 90-degere (hapa mua/ʻekolu), hiki mai kahi kai neap ʻoi aku ka mālie.
6. Aurora: Ka Pale o ka Mālamalama ma ka Lani Polar
He mau kukui nani nā Aurora e ʻike pinepine ʻia ma nā wahi polar, i ʻike ʻia ʻo ka aurora borealis (ʻākau) a me ka aurora australis (hema). Hana ʻia kēia hanana ke hiki aku nā ʻāpana i hoʻopiʻi ʻia mai ka Lā (makani solar) i ka Honua a launa pū me ke kahua magnetic o ka Honua . Ke alakaʻi nei ke kahua magnetic i nā ʻāpana i nā wahi polar, kahi e "komo" ai nā laina ikaika magnetic i ka lewa.
Ke kuʻi kēia mau ʻāpana me nā ʻātoma a me nā molekala i ka lewa, hoʻoili lākou i ka ikehu. A laila hoʻokuʻu nā ʻātoma a i ʻole nā molekala i hoʻonāukiuki ʻia i kēia ikehu ma ke ʻano o ka mālamalama. Aia ke kala o ka aurora i ke ʻano o ke kinoea a me ke kiʻekiʻe: hiki i ka oxygen ke hana i ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo a ʻulaʻula paha, ʻoiai ʻo ka naikokene e hana pinepine i ka uliuli a poni paha.
7. No ke aha e hāʻule ai nā mea i lalo?
Ua wehewehe ʻia nā hanana maʻalahi e like me ka hāʻule ʻana o ka ʻāpala mai kahi lāʻau e ka ikaika o ke koʻikoʻi. Wahi a Newton, huki nā nuipa a pau kekahi i kekahi. ʻO ka Honua, ma muli o kona nuipa nui, huki i nā mea kokoke, e neʻe ai lākou i ke kikowaena o ka Honua. ʻO ka wikiwiki ma muli o ke koʻikoʻi ma ka ʻili o ka Honua he awelika o 9,8 m/s², ʻoiai hiki ke loli iki ma muli o ka wahi.
Ma kahi pae nui aʻe, wehewehe ka umekaumaha i ke kumu e kaapuni ai nā hōkūhele i ka Lā, ke kumu e kaapuni ai ka Mahina i ka Honua, a me ke kumu e hoʻokumu ʻia ai nā galaxies. Ma kahi pae hou aʻe, ua wehewehe ʻo Einstein i ka umekaumaha ma ke ʻano he piʻo o ka manawa-ākea, akā no nā kūlana he nui o kēlā me kēia lā, ua lawa ke ʻano o Newton.
8. Ua a me nā Ao: Nā Hoʻololi Pae a me ka Thermodynamics
Hoʻokumu ʻia nā ao ma o ke kaʻina hana o ka condensation. Hoʻomake ka wai ma luna o ka ʻili o ka Honua, piʻi aʻe me ka ea mahana, a laila hoʻomaʻalili i nā wahi kiʻekiʻe. ʻAʻole hiki i ka ea anuanu ke paʻa i ka nui o ka mahu wai e like me ka ea mahana, no laila hoʻomake ia i loko o nā kulu wai liʻiliʻi a i ʻole nā kristal hau. ʻO kēia mau hōʻiliʻili o nā kulu ka mea e ʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano he ao.
Hiki mai ka ua i ka wā e hoʻonui ʻia ai nā kulu wai i loko o nā ao ma muli o nā kuʻi ʻana a me ka hui ʻana, a i ʻole ka loli ʻana o ke ʻano mai ka hau a i ka wai, a hiki i ko lākou kaumaha e hāʻule a lanakila i ke kūʻē ʻana o ka ea. Hoʻopili ʻia kēia kaʻina hana e ka dynamics o ka lewa, ka mahana, ke kaomi, a me ka makū—ʻo ia mau mea a pau e hāʻule ana i loko o ke aupuni o ka physics, ʻo ia hoʻi ka thermodynamics a me ka mechanics fluid.
Pani
Hiki ke wehewehe pono ʻia nā hanana kūlohelohe e like me ke kupanaha ma o ka physics. ʻO ka hoʻopuehu ʻana o ke kukui e hoʻolilo i ka lani i uliuli, ʻo ka launa pū ʻana o ke kukui a me nā kulu wai e hana i nā ānuenue, nā uku uila i loko o nā ao e hoʻoulu ai i ka uila, ʻo ka umekaumaha e hana i nā kai a hoʻohāʻule i nā mea, ʻoiai ʻo ka launa pū ʻana o ka makani lā a me nā kahua magnetic e hana i nā aurora. ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke physics ma hope o kēia mau mea āpau e hiki ai iā mākou ke ʻike i ke kūlohelohe ʻaʻole wale ma ke ʻano he ʻāina, akā ma ke ʻano he "keʻena hoʻokolohua" nui e hana mau ana e like me kekahi mau kānāwai. No laila, ʻaʻole wale ka physics he kumumanaʻo i loko o ka lumi papa, akā he puka makani i kahi ʻike hohonu o ke ao nei.
