Poʻomanaʻo: Laʻana o nā nīnau kūkākūkā ma ke kumumanaʻo mai Prokaryotic a i Eukaryotic
Pendahuluan
I loko o ka biology, ʻo kekahi o nā kumuhana koʻikoʻi i kūkākūkā ʻia ʻo ia ka evolution mai nā meaola prokaryotic a i nā meaola eukaryotic. ʻO nā prokaryotes nā meaola cell hoʻokahi i nele i ka nucleus a me nā organelles i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka membrane, e like me ka bacteria a me ka archaea. I kēia manawa, ʻo nā eukaryotes nā meaola i loaʻa nā cell me kahi nucleus maoli a me nā organelles i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka membrane, me nā holoholona, nā mea kanu, nā fungi, a me nā protists. ʻO kēia kumumanaʻo o ka evolution kekahi o nā hanana koʻikoʻi loa i ka mōʻaukala o ke ola ma ka Honua.
ʻO ke kumumanaʻo kaulana loa e wehewehe ana i kēia hoʻololi ʻana, ʻo ia ke kumumanaʻo endosymbiosis, i hoʻolaha mua ʻia e Lynn Margulis i ka makahiki 1967. Ke ʻōlelo nei kēia kumumanaʻo ua ulu nā eukaryotes mai kahi pilina symbiotic ma waena o kekahi mau cell prokaryotic. E nānā hou kēia ʻatikala i nā pilikia laʻana a kūkākūkā i kēia kumumanaʻo, ka mea e kōkua i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka ulu ʻana o nā cellular.
Nā Nīnau Laʻana a me ke Kūkākūkā
Nīnau 1: E wehewehe i ke kumumanaʻo o ka endosymbiosis a haʻi i nā hōʻike e kākoʻo ana i kēia kumumanaʻo.
Kūkākūkā:
Ua wehewehe ke kumumanaʻo endosymbiosis ua hoʻomaka nā organelles e like me mitochondria a me chloroplasts i loko o nā cell eukaryotic mai nā prokaryotes ola manuahi i noho i loko o kahi cell eukaryotic kūpuna. I ka wā mua, ua komo kahi cell prokaryotic aerobic i kahi cell prokaryotic nui aʻe ma ke ʻano he endosymbiont. I ka hala ʻana o ka manawa, ua pōmaikaʻi ka pilina symbiotic i nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua, me ka cell host e pōmaikaʻi ana mai nā hiki metabolic o ka endosymbiont, ʻoiai ua loaʻa i ka endosymbiont kahi kaiapuni palekana a me nā kumuwaiwai. I ka hopena, ua ulu kēia mau endosymbionts i mau organelles.
ʻO nā hōʻike e kākoʻo ana i ke kumumanaʻo endosymbiosis:
1. Loaʻa i ka mitochondria a me nā chloroplasts kā lākou DNA poepoe ponoʻī e like me ka DNA bacteria.
2. Loaʻa i kēia mau organelle ʻelua ʻelua mau membrane, e hōʻike ana ua loaʻa kekahi papa membrane mai nā vesicles phagocytic o ke kelepona hoʻokipa.
3. Hoʻohua kūʻokoʻa nā Mitochondria a me nā chloroplasts mai ke kelepona ma o ka binary fission, kahi ʻano hana i hoʻohana ʻia e nā prokaryotes.
4. Hōʻike ka loiloi phylogenetic ua ʻoi aku ka like o nā genes i loko o mitochondria a me chloroplasts me nā genes bacteria ma mua o nā genes i loko o ka eukaryotic nucleus.
Nīnau 2: E hāʻawi i kahi laʻana o kahi meaola e kākoʻo ana i ke kumumanaʻo endosymbiosis.
Kūkākūkā:
ʻO kekahi laʻana o kahi meaola e kākoʻo ana i ke kumumanaʻo o ka endosymbiosis ʻo Amoeba proteus a me kāna bacterial endosymbiont. ʻO Amoeba proteus kahi protozoan eukaryotic hiki ke hana i kahi pilina symbiotic me nā bacteria a me nā algae. ʻAe kēia pilina iā mākou e ʻike i kahi ʻano mua o nā pilina endosymbiotic.
ʻO kekahi laʻana ʻo Cyanophora paradoxa, kahi protist eukaryotic nona nā cyanelles, nā organelles photosynthetic i manaʻo ʻia he endosymbionts o cyanobacteria. ʻO ke ola ʻana o kēia mau meaola e hōʻike ana i kahi pilina symbiotic i hoʻomau i ka hana ʻana i nā chloroplasts i nā meaola photosynthetic ʻē aʻe.
Nīnau 3: Pehea e hiki ai ke manaʻo ʻia nā mitochondria a me nā chloroplasts he hopena o ka evolution mai nā prokaryotes?
Kūkākūkā:
Ua manaʻo ʻia ua ulu aʻe nā Mitochondria a me nā chloroplasts mai nā prokaryotes ma muli o nā ʻano like i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna, e like me ke alo o ka DNA poepoe a me ka hana hou ʻana ma o ka binary fission. Eia kekahi, hōʻike ka loiloi genetic ua loaʻa nā chloroplasts mai cyanobacteria a me mitochondria mai proteobacteria. Hōʻike ka ʻikepili molecular ua like loa kekahi mau genes i loko o mitochondria a me chloroplasts me nā genes i loko o kekahi mau bacteria.
Ua hiki paha kēia kaʻina hana evolutionary ma o kekahi mau pae, me ka hana mua he meaola prokaryotic e noho ana i kahi kaiapuni waiwai probiotic. ʻO ka omo ʻana a me ka paʻa ʻana o nā endosymbionts ʻaʻole wale i hāʻawi i nā pono metabolic akā ua hoʻohuli pū i ka hiki o ka meaola ke hoʻohana i nā kumuwaiwai like ʻole, e alakaʻi ana i kahi pono evolutionary koʻikoʻi.
Nīnau 4: He aha nā ʻokoʻa nui ma waena o nā pūnaewele prokaryotic a me eukaryotic mai kahi kuanaʻike hoʻonohonoho-hana?
Kūkākūkā:
ʻO nā ʻokoʻa nui ma waena o nā pūnaewele prokaryotic a me eukaryotic:
1. Ke alo ʻana o kahi Nucleus: Loaʻa i nā pūnaewele Eukaryotic kahi nucleus maoli i pale ʻia e kahi membrane nucleus, ʻoiai ʻaʻohe nucleus o nā pūnaewele prokaryotic; aia ko lākou DNA ma ka cytoplasm ma kahi i kapa ʻia ʻo ka nucleoid.
2. ʻAno DNA: He poepoe a maʻalahi ka DNA i loko o nā pūnaewele prokaryotic, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī a me ka linear o ka DNA i loko o nā eukaryotes me nā histones e hana ana i ka chromatin.
3. Nā Organelles i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka membrane: Loaʻa i nā cell Eukaryotic nā organelles like ʻole i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka membrane, e like me mitochondria, chloroplasts, Golgi apparatus, a me ka endoplasmic reticulum. ʻAʻohe o kēia mau organelles i nā cell Prokaryotic.
4. Ka Nui o ke Kelepona: Ma keʻano laulā, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā pūnaewele eukaryotic ma mua o nā pūnaewele prokaryotic.
5. Māhele ʻana o ke Kelepona: Māhele nā kelepona prokaryotic i ka binary, ʻoiai e māhele ana nā pūnaewele eukaryotic ma o ka mitosis a i ʻole meiosis.
Ka hopena
ʻO ka hoʻololi ʻana mai nā meaola prokaryotic a i nā meaola eukaryotic he ʻanuʻu koʻikoʻi ia i ka ulu ʻana o ke ola ma ka Honua. Ma o ke kumumanaʻo o ka endosymbiosis, maopopo iā mākou pehea i ulu ai nā prokaryotes i nā pūnaewele eukaryotic paʻakikī, hiki ke hoʻokumu i ka paʻakikī o ke ola e like me kā mākou e ʻike nei i kēia lā. ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā ʻano hana a me nā hōʻike ma hope o kēia kumumanaʻo e kōkua i ka wehewehe ʻana i ka ʻokoʻa a me ka ulu ʻana o nā meaola ma ko mākou honua. No laila, ʻo ke aʻo ʻana i nā nīnau e pili ana i kēia kumumanaʻo e hoʻonui i ko mākou ʻike i ke kumu o nā ʻano like ʻole o ka honua.
