Nā nīnau hoʻohālike e kūkākūkā ana i nā pae o ka hanu Aerobic
He hana koʻikoʻi ka hanu ʻana o ka ea e hana ʻia i loko o nā pūnaewele ola e hana i ka ikehu. Ma o kahi moʻo paʻakikī o nā hopena kemika, hoʻololi ka hanu ʻana o ka ea i ka glucose a me ka oxygen i ka ikehu, ke kalapona ʻokikene, a me ka wai. Ma kēia ʻatikala, e kūkākūkā mākou i nā pae o ka hanu ʻana o ka ea aerobic a hāʻawi i nā pilikia hoʻohālike a me nā hoʻonā e hoʻoikaika i ko mākou ʻike i kēia kaʻina hana koʻikoʻi.
Nā Pae o ka Hanu Aerobic
ʻEhā mau pae nui o ka hanu ʻana o ka ea: glycolysis, ke kaʻina hana Krebs (kaʻina hana waikawa citric), ke kaulahao lawe uila, a me ka phosphorylation oxidative. E kūkākūkā kākou iā lākou pākahi:
1. Glycolysis
Hana ʻia ka Glycolysis i loko o ka cytoplasm o ke kelepona a ʻo ia ke kahua mua o ka hanu aerobic. I kēia kahua, ua wāwahi ʻia kekahi mole glucose (C6H12O6) i ʻelua mau mole o ka waikawa pyruvic (C3H4O3). ʻAʻole pono kēia kaʻina hana i ka oxygen, no laila hiki ke hana ma lalo o nā kūlana anaerobic. Ma waho aʻe o ka hana ʻana i ʻelua mau mole o ka pyruvate, hana pū ka glycolysis i ʻelua mau mole o ATP (adenosine triphosphate) a me ʻelua mau mole o NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).
2. Kaʻapuni Krebs (Kaʻapuni Waikawa Citric)
Ke hoʻokumu ʻia, komo nā molekala pyruvate i loko o ka mitochondria a hana i ka oxidative decarboxylation e hana i ka acetyl-CoA. A laila komo ʻo Acetyl-CoA i loko o ke kaʻina hana Krebs, kahi e hui pū ai me ka waikawa oxaloacetic e hana i ka citrate. Pili kēia kaʻina hana i kahi moʻo o nā hopena e hana ai iā NADH a me FADH2 (flavin adenine dinucleotide), nā molekala lawe uila koʻikoʻi, a me ʻelua mau molekala ATP a me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o ke kalapona dioxide ma ke ʻano he byproduct.
3. Kaula Hoʻoili Uila
Hana ʻia ke kolu o ka pae o ka hanu aerobic ma ka membrane mitochondrial o loko. Hāʻawi ka NADH a me FADH2 i hana ʻia ma ke pae ma mua i nā electrons i ke kaulahao lawe electron, nona ka moʻo o nā complexes enzymatic. Ke neʻe nā electrons ma o kēia kaulahao, hoʻomoʻa ʻia nā protons mai ka matrix mitochondrial i loko o ka hakahaka intermembrane, e hana ana i kahi gradient concentration proton.
4. Hoʻohuihui ʻokikene
ʻO ke kahua hope loa o ka hanu aerobic ʻo ia ka oxidative phosphorylation, kahi e hoʻohana ʻia ai ka ikehu mai ka proton gradient e ka enzyme ATP synthase e synthesize i ka ATP mai ADP a me ka inorganic phosphate. I ka hopena o ke kaulahao lawe electron, hana ka oxygen ma ke ʻano he mea ʻae electron hope loa a hoʻopaʻa me nā protons e hana i ka wai. Hoʻopuka kēia kaʻina hana i ka hapa nui o ka ATP i ka hanu aerobic, ma kahi o 32-34 mau mole ATP no kēlā me kēia mole glucose.
Nā nīnau kūkākūkā hoʻohālike
No ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i kou ʻike, eia kekahi mau nīnau hoʻohālike e pili ana i nā pae o ka hanu aerobic me kā lākou mau kūkākūkā ʻana.
Nīnau 1: E wehewehe i ke kuleana o ka oxygen i ka hanu aerobic a me nā hopena inā ʻaʻohe oxygen i loko o ke kelepona.
Kūkākūkā:
I ka hanu ʻana o ka ea, lawelawe ka oxygen ma ke ʻano he mea lawe hope loa o ka electron i loko o ke kaulahao lawe electron. ʻAe ka oxygen i nā electrons a me nā protons e hana i ka wai, e ʻae ana i ke kaulahao lawe electron e hoʻomau a pale i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o NADH a me FADH2. I ka nele o ka oxygen, kū ka kaulahao lawe electron, e hoʻōki ana i ka phosphorylation oxidative a hāʻule ka hana ʻana o ATP. A laila hilinaʻi nā cell i ka glycolysis no ka hana ʻana i ka ikehu, akā ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o kēia a hiki ke alakaʻi i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o ka waikawa lactic i loko o nā cell holoholona a i ʻole ethanol i loko o nā cell mea kanu a me ka hū.
Nīnau 2: Ehia mau ATP holoʻokoʻa i hana ʻia mai hoʻokahi molekole glucose ma o ka hanu aerobic?
Kūkākūkā:
ʻO ka huina ATP i hana ʻia mai hoʻokahi mole glucose i ka hanu aerobic ma kahi o 36-38 mau mole ATP. Eia nā kikoʻī:
– Glycolysis: Hoʻopuka pololei i 2 ATP.
– Kaʻapuni Krebs: Hoʻopuka pololei i 2 ATP (hoʻokahi ATP no kēlā me kēia kaʻapuni no kēlā me kēia acetyl-CoA, a me ʻelua acetyl-CoA mai hoʻokahi glucose).
– Ke Kaula Halihali Uila a me ka Phosphorylation Oxidative: Hoʻopuka ma kahi o 32-34 ATP mai NADH a me FADH2 i hana ʻia i ka wā o ka glycolysis a me ke kaʻina hana Krebs.
Hiki ke ʻokoʻa nā ʻano o ka ATP holoʻokoʻa ma muli o nā ʻokoʻa o ka pono a me nā ʻano hana o ka lawe ʻana o ka electron i loko o ka mitochondria o nā ʻano cell like ʻole.
Nīnau 3: He aha ka ʻokoʻa nui ma waena o ka glycolysis a me ke kaʻapuni Krebs?
Kūkākūkā:
ʻO nā ʻokoʻa nui ma waena o ka glycolysis a me ke kaʻina hana Krebs e waiho ana i ko lākou wahi, nā kūlana, a me nā huahana. Hana ʻia ka Glycolysis ma ka cytoplasm a ʻaʻole pono ka oxygen, e hana ana i ka pyruvate, ATP, a me NADH. I kēia manawa, hana ʻia ke kaʻina hana Krebs ma ka mitochondria, e koi ana i ka oxygen, a hana i ke kalapona dioxide, ATP, a me NADH a me FADH2. Hana ka kaʻina hana Krebs ʻaʻole wale i ka hanu aerobic akā he kuleana koʻikoʻi hoʻi i ka metabolism o kekahi mau macronutrients ʻē aʻe.
Ka hopena
He hana paʻakikī a koʻikoʻi ka hanu ʻana o ka ea no ka hana ʻana i ka ikehu i loko o nā pūnaewele. Ma ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā pae o ka hanu ʻana o ka ea a me ke aʻo ʻana i nā pilikia laʻana, hiki iā mākou ke loaʻa kahi ʻike maikaʻi aʻe i ke ʻano o ka hoʻohana ʻana o ke kino i ka glucose a me ka oxygen e mālama i ka hana o ke kelepona. Me ka manaʻolana, ua kōkua kēia ʻatikala i ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ko mākou ʻike i kēia kaʻina hana kumu a ua hoʻomākaukau iā mākou e pane i nā nīnau e pili ana i ka hanu ʻana o ka ea.
