Nā nīnau hoʻohālike e pili ana i ke ʻano o ka ʻātoma: Ke wehe nei i nā kumu kumu o ke kemika
ʻO ke ʻano o ka ʻātoma kahi manaʻo nui i ka kemika e pono ai ke hoʻomaopopo. ʻO ka ʻātoma ka ʻāpana liʻiliʻi loa o kahi mea kemika e mālama mau ana i nā waiwai o kēlā mea. ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke ʻano o ka ʻātoma e kōkua iā mākou e hoʻomaopopo i nā waiwai kino a me nā kemika o ka mea. Ma kēia ʻatikala, e kūkākūkā mākou i kekahi mau pilikia hoʻohālike a me kā lākou mau hoʻonā e hoʻoikaika i ko mākou ʻike i ke ʻano o ka ʻātoma.
Hoʻolauna i ke ʻAno Atomika
Ua hoʻomaka ka ʻike o ke ʻano atomika me ke kumu hoʻohālike atomika a Dalton, kahi i ʻōlelo ai ʻo nā ʻātoma nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi loa i hiki ʻole ke māhele hou ʻia. Eia naʻe, i ka holomua ʻana o ka ʻepekema, ua ulu kēia manaʻo me nā kumumanaʻo e like me ke kumu hoʻohālike pudding raisin a J.J. Thomson, ke kumu hoʻohālike atomika a Rutherford, a ʻo ka hope loa ke kumu hoʻohālike mechanics quantum i hāpai ʻia e Schrödinger lāua ʻo Heisenberg.
Nā ʻĀpana Nui o nā ʻĀtoma
Ma mua o ko mākou komo ʻana i nā pilikia hoʻohālike, he mea nui e hoʻomaopopo i nā ʻāpana kumu o kahi ʻātoma:
1. Nā Proton: Nā ʻāpana i hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻia i loko o ka nucleus o kahi ʻātoma.
2. Nā Neutron: Nā ʻāpana kūlike ʻole i loko o ka nucleus atomika me nā protons.
3. Nā ʻelektrone: Nā ʻāpana i hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻole ʻia e neʻe a puni ka nucleus ma kekahi mau orbitals.
Nā Nīnau Laʻana a me ke Kūkākūkā
Nīnau 1: Ke hoʻoholo nei i ka helu o nā Protons, Neutrons, a me nā Electrons
Nīnau:
He helu ʻātoma 6 ko ka ʻātoma kalapona a he helu nuipa 12. E hoʻoholo i ka helu o nā protons, neutrons, a me nā electrons i loko o ka ʻātoma.
Kūkākūkā:
Hōʻike ka helu atomika i ka helu o nā protons i loko o kahi atom. No laila, no ke kalapona:
– Helu o nā protons = 6
No ka mea, he kūʻokoʻa ka ʻātoma, pono e like ka helu o nā electrons me ka helu o nā protons:
– Helu o nā electrons = 6
ʻO ka helu nuipa ka huina o nā protons a me nā neutrons. No laila,
– Helu o nā neutron = Helu nuipa – Helu o nā proton = 12 – 6 = 6
No laila, he 6 protons, 6 neutrons, a me 6 electrons ka ʻātoma kalapona.
Nīnau 2: Hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ka Electron
Nīnau:
E kākau i ka hoʻonohonoho uila no kahi ʻātoma oxygen me ka helu atomika 8.
Kūkākūkā:
Hoʻoholo ʻia ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o nā electrons ma muli o ke kumumanaʻo Aufbau, kahi e ʻōlelo ai e hoʻopiha mua nā electrons i nā orbitals e like me ko lākou pae ikehu haʻahaʻa loa. Penei ke ʻano o ka hoʻopiha ʻana i ka orbital:
1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p
No ka helu atomika 8:
– Hoʻopiha nā electrons mua ʻelua i ka orbital 1s -> 1s²
– Hoʻopiha nā electrons 2 aʻe i ka orbital 2s -> 2s²
– Hoʻopiha nā electrons 4 hope loa i ka orbital 2p -> 2p⁴
No laila, ʻo ke ʻano hoʻonohonoho uila he 1s² 2s² 2p⁴.
Nīnau 3: Nā Isotopes a me ka Mass Atomic Relative
Nīnau:
ʻElua mau isotopes nui o ka chlorine: Cl-35 a me Cl-37. Inā he 75.77% ka nui o ka isotope Cl-35 a he 24.23% ʻo Cl-37, e helu i ka nuipaʻa atomika pili o ka chlorine.
Kūkākūkā:
Hiki ke helu ʻia ka nuipa atomika pili (Ar) o ka chlorine me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka nui awelika o kēlā me kēia isotope:
\[ Ar = (\text{Ka nui o ka Isotope 1} \times \text{Ka nui o ka Isotope 1}) + (\text{Ka nui o ka Isotope 2} \times \text{Ka nui o ka Isotope 2}) \]
E hoʻololi i ka nui ma ke ʻano decimal:
\[ Ar = (0.7577 \times 35) + (0.2423 \times 37) \]
\[ Ar = 26.5195 + 8.9651 \]
\[ Ar = 35.4846 \]
No laila, ʻo ka nuipaʻa ʻātoma pili o ka chlorine ma kahi o 35.48.
Nīnau 4: Ka Hoʻonohonoho ʻana o nā Electron i nā Ion
Nīnau:
E kākau i ka hoʻonohonoho uila no ka ion Alumini (Al³⁺), me ka helu atomika 13.
Kūkākūkā:
ʻO ke ʻano hoʻonohonoho uila no ka ʻātoma alumini (Al) me ka helu atomika 13:
1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p¹
I loko o ka ion Al³⁺, ʻo ka nalowale ʻana o 3 mau electrons e hana ʻia mai ka orbital waho loa:
– Nā uila i loko o 3p, 2 mai 3s.
No laila, ʻo ke ʻano hoʻonohonoho uila no Al³⁺ penei:
1s² 2s² 2p⁶
Nīnau 5: Nā Electron Valence
Nīnau:
Ehia mau electrons valence i loko o kahi ʻātoma phosphorus (P) me ka helu atomika 15?
Kūkākūkā:
Ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o nā electrons o ka phosphorus (P):
1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p³
ʻO nā electrons Valence nā electrons i loko o ka pūpū waho loa:
– I kēia hihia, ma 3s² 3p³.
Ka huina o nā electrons valence:
2 (o 3s) + 3 (o 3p) = 5
No laila, he 5 mau electrons valence ko ka phosphorus.
Ka hopena
ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke ʻano atomika e pili ana i ka ʻike o nā ʻano ʻāpana subatomic like ʻole e like me nā protons, neutrons, a me nā electrons a me ke ʻano o ko lākou hoʻonohonoho ʻia ʻana i loko o nā ʻātoma. Ma ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i nā nīnau e like me nā mea i kūkākūkā ʻia, hiki iā mākou ke hoʻoikaika i ko mākou ʻike i kēia mau manaʻo kumu. ʻAʻole wale ke ʻano atomika he mea nui i ka kemika, akā ʻo ke kī hoʻi i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā hanana paʻakikī i ka ʻepekema a me ka ʻenekinia.
