Nā nīnau hoʻohālike e kūkākūkā ana i ka Papa Kuhikuhi o nā Elemene
ʻO ka papa ʻaina periodic, i ʻike ʻia hoʻi ʻo ka ʻōnaehana periodic, ʻo ia kekahi o nā mea hana koʻikoʻi loa i ka kemika, e kōkua ana iā mākou e hoʻomaopopo i nā ʻano o nā mea a me nā pilina ma waena o lākou. Hiki i ka hoʻomaopopo piha ʻana i ka papa ʻaina periodic ke waiwai nui i nā ʻano noi kemika like ʻole, mai ka nānā ʻana i nā mea a hiki i ka synthesis hui. E hāʻawi kēia ʻatikala i kekahi mau pilikia hoʻohālike a me kahi kūkākūkā piha o ka papa ʻaina periodic e hoʻoikaika i kou ʻike.
Hoʻolauna i ka Papa Kuhikuhi o nā Elemene
Ua hoʻomohala mua ʻia ka papa ʻaina o nā mea e Dmitri Mendeleev i ka makahiki 1869. Ua hoʻonohonoho ʻo Mendeleev i nā mea ma muli o ko lākou piʻi ʻana o nā nui atomika pili a ua ʻike i nā ʻano periodic i ko lākou mau waiwai kemika. Mai ia manawa, ua hoʻonui pinepine ʻia ka papa ʻaina periodic a ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i kēia manawa e ka piʻi ʻana o ka helu atomika, ʻo ia ka helu o nā protons i loko o ka nucleus atomika.
Ua māhele ʻia nā mea i loko o ka papa manawa i nā hui, a i ʻole nā kolamu kū pololei, a me nā wā, a i ʻole nā lālani ʻaoʻao. Hōʻike pinepine nā hui i nā mea me nā waiwai kemika like, a hōʻike nā wā i ka piʻi mālie ʻana o kēlā mau waiwai.
Nā Nīnau Laʻana a me ke Kūkākūkā
Nīnau 1: Ke Hoʻoholo ʻana i nā Hui a me nā Wā
Nīnau: Hāʻawi ʻia kahi mea me ka helu atomika 17. E hoʻoholo i ka hui a me ka wā o ka mea ma ka papa periodic.
Kūkākūkā:
ʻO ka mea me ka helu atomika 17 ʻo ia ka chlorine (Cl). No ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka hui a me ka wā o kahi mea i loko o ka papa periodic, pono mākou e nānā i kona hoʻonohonoho electron.
ʻO ke ʻano hoʻonohonoho uila o ka chlorine:
\[ \kikokikona{1s}^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^5 \]
Ma ka papa ʻaina manawa, ʻo nā pūpū s a me p i ka wā 3:
– 3s^2: 2 mau electrons i loko o ka subshell 3s
– 3p^5: 5 mau electrons i loko o ka subshell 3p (huina 7 mau electrons i loko o ka pūpū 3)
No laila, aia ka chlorine i ka wā 3 a me ka hui VIIA (a i ʻole 17 e like me ka IUPAC hou, no ka mea, ua hoʻokomo ʻia ia i loko o ka hui halogen nona nā electrons valence 7).
Pane:
Aia ʻo Chlorine ma ka hui VIIA (17) a me ka wā 3.
Nīnau 2: Nā Waiwai Kemika i Hoʻokumu ʻia ma ka Wahi ma ka Papa ʻAna o ka Wā
Nīnau: No ke aha i like ai nā ʻano kemika o ka sodium (Na) a me ka potassium (K)?
Kūkākūkā:
ʻO ka sodium (Na) me ka helu atomika 11, a me ka potassium (K) me ka helu atomika 19, aia i loko o ka hui like ma ka papa periodic, ʻo ia hoʻi ka hui IA (a i ʻole 1 e like me ka ʻōnaehana IUPAC), i ʻike ʻia ʻo nā metala alkali.
ʻO ke ʻano hoʻonohonoho uila o ka sodium:
\[ \kikokikona{1s}^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^1 \]
ʻO ke ʻano hoʻonohonoho uila o ka potassium:
\[ \kikokikona{1s}^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^6 4s^1 \]
Loaʻa i nā mea ʻelua hoʻokahi electron ma ka s-subshell waho loa, ka mea e hoʻolilo ai iā lākou i mea pane wikiwiki a loaʻa iā lākou nā ʻano kemika like, e like me ko lākou hiki ke hana i nā ion \( \text{M}^+ \) ma ka nalowale ʻana o hoʻokahi electron.
Pane:
Loaʻa i ka sodium a me ka potassium hoʻokahi electron ma ka subshell s o waho loa no laila he like ko lāua mau ʻano kemika.
Nīnau 3: Ke hoʻoholo nei i nā electrons Valence
Nīnau: Ehia mau electrons valence i loaʻa i kahi mea me ka helu atomika 14? E hoʻoholo pū i ka hui a me ka wā o ka mea.
Kūkākūkā:
ʻO ka mea me ka helu atomika 14 he silicon (Si). ʻO kona hoʻonohonoho electron:
\[ \kikokikona{1s}^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^2 \]
ʻO nā electrons Valence nā electrons i loko o ka pūpū waho loa, ʻo ia hoʻi ka pūpū 3 ma kēia hihia:
– 3s^2: 2 mau electrons
– 3p^2: 2 mau electrons
ʻO ka helu o nā electrons valence i loko o ka silicon ka huina o nā subshell 3s a me 3p, ʻo ia hoʻi he 4 mau electrons. No ka mea he 4 mau electrons i loko o ka pūpū waho loa, aia ʻo Si ma ka hui IVA (a i ʻole 14). A no ka mea ʻo ka papa i hoʻopiha ʻia ma waho loa ʻo ia ke kolu o ka pūpū (3), aia ʻo Si ma ka wā 3.
Pane:
He 4 mau electrons valence ko Silicon, aia ma ka hui IVA (14) a me ka wā 3.
Nīnau 4: Nā ʻAno Kaulike i nā Waiwai ʻAtomika
Nīnau: No ke aha i emi ai ke au o nā radii atomika mai ka hema a i ka ʻākau ma waena o kahi wā?
Kūkākūkā:
Ma loko o kekahi wā, piʻi ka helu ʻātoma a me ka helu o nā protons i loko o ka nucleus i kou neʻe ʻana mai ka hema a i ka ʻākau. Hoʻonui kēia i ka Coulombic attraction ma waena o ka nucleus a me nā electrons a puni. ʻO ka hopena, ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka huki ʻia ʻana o nā electrons i ka nucleus, e hoʻemi ana i ka radius atomic.
Eia kekahi, ʻo ka helu o nā pūpū electron e mau ana like ma waena o kahi wā, no laila ʻaʻohe hopena pale hou e kaulike i ka hoʻonui ʻia o ka huki nukelea, kahi e huki maikaʻi ai i nā electrons a kokoke i ka nucleus.
Pane:
E emi ana ka radius atomika mai ka hema a i ka ʻākau ma waena o kekahi wā no ka mea, ʻo ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka helu o nā protons e hoʻoikaika i ka huki ʻana o ka nucleus ma luna o nā electrons me ka ʻole o ka hoʻohui ʻana o nā pūpū electron e hōʻemi i kēia hopena.
Nīnau 5: Ke ʻIke ʻana i nā ʻElemene ma muli o nā Waiwai
Nīnau: He kinoea kahi mea i ka mahana o ka lumi, he inert a aia ma ka hui VIIIA (18). E hoʻoholo i ka mea a me kona helu atomika.
Kūkākūkā:
ʻO nā mea kinoea inert i ka mahana o ka lumi a aia i loko o ka hui VIIIA (18) ua hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ka hui kinoea hanohano. No ka hui VIIIA (18), ʻo kekahi o nā mea i ʻike nui ʻia ʻo neon (Ne).
ʻO ke ʻano hoʻonohonoho uila no ka neon penei:
\[ \kikokikona{1s}^2 2s^2 2p^6 \]
Me ke ʻano hoʻonohonoho ma luna, hiki iā mākou ke ʻike ua piha loa nā pūpū neon āpau, e hoʻolilo ana iā ia i mea paʻa loa a inert. He 10 ka helu atomika o Ne.
Pane:
ʻO ka mea ʻelemene he neon (Ne) me ka helu atomika 10.
Ka hopena
He mea koʻikoʻi ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka papa manawa o nā mea no ke aʻo ʻana a me ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka kemika. ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā manaʻo kumu e like me ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ka electron, nā ʻano i loko o ka papa manawa, a me nā hui a me nā wā e hiki ai iā mākou ke hoʻomaopopo i nā ʻano he nui o ka kemika me ka ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi. ʻO kēia ʻatikala, me kāna mau pilikia hoʻohālike a me ke kūkākūkā hohonu, e kōkua i ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i kou ʻike i ka papa manawa a me kāna mau noi i ka kemika.
