Poʻomanaʻo: Laʻana o nā nīnau kūkākūkā no ka hanu ʻana o ke kelepona
Pendahuluan
ʻO ka hanu ʻana o ke kelepona he hana biochemical e hana ʻia i loko o nā pūnaewele o kahi meaola e hana i ka ikehu ma ke ʻano o adenosine triphosphate (ATP). He mea koʻikoʻi kēia hana no ke ola ʻana, ʻoiai ʻo ATP ke kumu ikehu mua i hoʻohana ʻia no nā hana kelepona like ʻole. Pili ka hanu ʻana o ke kelepona i kahi moʻo paʻakikī o nā hopena kemika me ka oxygen ma ke ʻano he mea lawe electron hope loa, i māhele ʻia i ʻekolu mau pae nui: glycolysis, ke kaʻina hana Krebs, a me ke kaulahao lawe electron. E kūkākūkā kēia ʻatikala i kekahi mau pilikia hoʻohālike e pili ana i ka hanu ʻana o ke kelepona a hāʻawi i nā hoʻonā.
1. Nā nīnau a me ke kūkākūkā e pili ana i ka Glycolysis
Nīnau: E wehewehe i nā pae nui o ke kaʻina hana o ka glycolysis a me kona hopena hope loa i ka hanu ʻana o ke kelepona.
Kūkākūkā: ʻO Glycolysis ka hana mua i ka hanu ʻana o ke kelepona a hana ʻia i loko o ka cytoplasm o nā kelepona. ʻO ia ke kaʻina hana e wāwahi ʻia ai kekahi mole glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) i ʻelua mau mole o pyruvate (C₃H₄O₃). ʻElua mau pae nui o Glycolysis: ka pae hoʻopukapuka ikehu a me ka pae hana ikehu.
– Ka Pae Hoʻopukapuka Ikehu: Hoʻololi ʻia ka Glucose i fructose-1,6-bisphosphate me ka hoʻopukapuka ʻana o ʻelua ATP.
– Ka Pae Hana Ikehu: Ua wāwahi ʻia ʻo Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate i ʻelua mau molekala o glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate a laila hoʻololi ʻia i pyruvate, e hana ana i ʻehā ATP a me ʻelua NADH.
Ma keʻano holoʻokoʻa, hana ka glycolysis i ʻelua mau mole ATP (hana ʻia he 4 ATP, akā hoʻohana hou ʻia 2 ATP) a me ʻelua mau mole NADH no kēlā me kēia mole glucose.
2. Nā Nīnau a me ke Kūkākūkā e pili ana i ke Kaʻapuni Krebs
Nīnau: He aha ka huahana i hana ʻia mai ke kaʻina hana Krebs no kēlā me kēia mole o acetyl-CoA i hoʻokomo ʻia?
Kūkākūkā: Hana ʻia ke kaʻina hana Krebs, i ʻike ʻia hoʻi ʻo ke kaʻina hana citric acid, i loko o ka mitochondria. ʻO kēlā me kēia molekole acetyl-CoA e komo ana i ke kaʻina hana e hana i kahi moʻo o nā hopena e hana ai:
– 3 mau molekole NADH
– 1 molekole o FADH₂
– 1 molekole o GTP a i ʻole ATP
– 2 mau molekala CO₂ ma ke ʻano he mau huahana ʻōpala.
Hana pālua kēia pōʻaiapuni no kēlā me kēia molekala glucose i wāwahi ʻia, no ka mea, hana ka glycolysis i ʻelua mau molekala pyruvate a laila hoʻololi ʻia i ʻelua mau molekala acetyl-CoA.
3. Nā Nīnau a me ke Kūkākūkā ʻana ma ke Kaulahao Hoʻoili Uila
Nīnau: No ke aha he mea nui ka oxygen i loko o ke kaulahao lawe uila a he aha ka hopena o kēia kaulahao?
Kūkākūkā: Aia ke kaulahao lawe uila ma ka membrane o loko o ka mitochondria a ua hana ʻia me kahi moʻo o nā paʻakikī protein e hoʻoili i nā electrons mai NADH a me FADH₂ i ka oxygen ma o kahi moʻo o nā hopena redox.
ʻO ka oxygen ka mea lawe electron hope loa i kēia kaʻina hana, e hana ana i ka wai ke hana ia me nā protons (H⁺). Me ka ʻole o ka oxygen, ʻaʻole hiki i nā electrons ke hele ma waena o ke kaulahao lawe, e hoʻōki ana i ka hana ʻana o ATP a me ke kumu o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o NADH a me FADH₂. ʻO nā huahana hope loa o ke kaulahao lawe electron:
– Hoʻokumu ʻia ka wai (H₂O), ke hui pū nā electrons a me nā protons me ka oxygen.
– Hoʻopuka ʻia ka nui o ka ATP ma o ke kaʻina hana i ʻike ʻia ʻo ka oxidative phosphorylation. ʻO ke kūpono, ma kahi o 34 ATP i hoʻopuka ʻia no kēlā me kēia molekole glucose i loko o kēia kaulahao.
4. Nā nīnau a me nā kūkākūkā e pili ana i ka pono o ka ikehu
Nīnau: E hoʻohālikelike i ka pono o ka hanu ʻana o ke kelepona ma lalo o nā kūlana aerobic a me anaerobic.
Kūkākūkā: ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hanu ʻana o ka ea i ka hana ʻana i ka ATP ma mua o ka hanu anaerobic. Ma lalo o nā kūlana aerobic, hiki i kahi molekole glucose hoʻokahi ke hana a hiki i 38 ATP, ma hope o ke kaʻina holoʻokoʻa o ka glycolysis, ke kaʻina hana Krebs, a me ke kaulahao lawe electron.
I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ma lalo o nā kūlana anaerobic (me ka ʻole o ka oxygen), hiki i nā cell ke hana i ka glycolysis wale nō, kahi e hana ai i 2 ATP no kēlā me kēia molekole glucose. ʻO ka Fermentation, kahi e hahai pinepine ai i ka glycolysis ma lalo o nā kūlana anaerobic, hoʻololi i ka pyruvate i nā huahana e like me ka lactate a i ʻole ethanol akā ʻaʻole hana i kahi ATP hou. ʻOi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka pono o ka hanu anaerobic no ka mea he liʻiliʻi ka nui o ka ATP i hana ʻia.
5. Nā Nīnau a me ke Kūkākūkā ʻana o nā Noi Hana Hanu Kelepona
Nīnau: E wehewehe pehea e hiki ai i ke alo o nā mea make e like me ka cyanide ke hoʻopilikia i ka hanu ʻana o nā cellular.
Kūkākūkā: He mea make ka Cyanide e kāohi ana i ka hanu ʻana o ke kelepona ma o ka hoʻopaʻa paʻa ʻana i ka wahi hana o ka enzyme cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV) i loko o ke kaulahao lawe electron, e pale ana i ka hoʻoili ʻana o nā electrons i ka oxygen. Hoʻopau loa kēia i ke kaulahao lawe electron, e pale ana i ka hana pono ʻana o ka ATP, e hopena ana i ka nele o ka ikehu no nā cell a hiki ke alakaʻi i ka make ʻana o nā cell. He wikiwiki loa kēia hopena a he make no ka mea ʻaʻole i loaʻa i nā cell o ke kino ka lako ikehu e pono ai no ke ola.
Ka hopena
He hana koʻikoʻi ka hanu ʻana o ke kelepona e hiki ai i nā meaola ke hoʻohana i ka ikehu i mālama ʻia i loko o nā molekala organik. ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā pae o ka hanu ʻana o ke kelepona, nā huahana i hana ʻia, a me nā mea e hiki ke hoʻohuli i kēia kaʻina hana he kumu nui ia i ka biology. Ma ke aʻo ʻana i kēia mau pilikia hoʻohālike a me nā kūkākūkā, hiki iā mākou ke kūkulu i kahi ʻike maikaʻi aʻe i ke ʻano o ka hana ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana o ko mākou kino i ka ikehu i ka wā o ka hana kelepona. ʻAʻole wale kēia kaʻina hana paʻakikī e hoʻoholo i ka pono o ka ikehu o kahi meaola akā he kuleana pū kekahi i ke kaulike metabolic a me kona hoʻololi ʻana i nā kūlana kaiapuni like ʻole.
