Nā nīnau hoʻohālike a me ke kūkākūkā ʻana o nā hopena māmā i ka photosynthesis
ʻO ka photosynthesis ke kaʻina hana e hoʻololi ai nā mea kanu, algae, a me kekahi mau bacteria i ka ikehu māmā i ikehu kemika ma ke ʻano o ka glucose. ʻElua mau pae nui o ka photosynthesis: nā hopena māmā a me nā hopena pōʻeleʻele. Ma kēia ʻatikala, e kālele mākou i nā hopena māmā, e hana ʻia ana ma ka grana o nā chloroplasts.
Pono nā hopena māmā i ka mālamalama e hana i ka ATP a me NADPH, i hoʻohana ʻia i nā hopena pōʻeleʻele, a hoʻokuʻu i ka oxygen ma ke ʻano he huahana ʻaoʻao. No nā haumāna biology, ʻo ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke kumumanaʻo o nā hopena māmā a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā pilikia e pili ana he ʻāpana koʻikoʻi ia o ka papa hana. Aia ma lalo iho kekahi mau pilikia hoʻohālike a me nā kūkākūkā e pili ana i nā hopena māmā.
Nīnau 1: Wehewehe ʻana i ke ʻano hana pane māmā
Nīnau: E wehewehe i ke ʻano hana e hana ʻia ana i ka hopena māmā o ka photosynthesis a haʻi i nā molekala i hana ʻia i kēia pae.
Kūkākūkā:
Hana ʻia nā hopena māmā i loko o nā membrane thylakoid o nā chloroplasts. Hoʻomaka kēia kaʻina hana ke omo nā molekala photosystem II i ka lā. Hoʻohana ʻia kēia ikehu māmā e hoʻokaʻawale i nā molekala wai (photolysis) i loko o ka oxygen, nā protons, a me nā electrons. Hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka oxygen ma ke ʻano he huahana ʻaoʻao.
A laila kahe nā electrons i hana ʻia mai ka photolysis wai ma o ke kaulahao lawe electron. Ke neʻe nā electrons ma o nā hui protein i loko o kēia kaulahao, hoʻopuka lākou i nā protons mai ka stroma i loko o ka lumen thylakoid, e hana ana i kahi gradient proton.
Hoʻohana ʻia ka ikehu i mālama ʻia i loko o kēia gradient proton e ATP synthase e hoʻololi i ka ADP a me ka inorganic phosphate i ATP, kahi molekala mālama ikehu. Eia kekahi, hoʻoulu hou ʻia nā electrons e hōʻea ana i ka photosystem I e ka mālamalama a hoʻohana ʻia e hōʻemi i ka NADP+ i NADPH.
No laila, hana ka hopena māmā i ka ATP a me NADPH e hoʻohana ʻia ma ke kaʻina hana Calvin (reaksi pouli) a me ka oxygen i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i ka lewa.
Nīnau 2: Ka hopena o ka ikaika o ka mālamalama
Nīnau: Pehea ka hopena o ka loli ʻana o ka ikaika o ka mālamalama i ka wikiwiki o nā hopena mālamalama i ka photosynthesis?
Kūkākūkā:
Hoʻopilikia pololei ka ikaika o ke kukui i ka wikiwiki o nā hopena kukui i ka photosynthesis. I ka piʻi ʻana o ka ikaika o ke kukui, piʻi pū ka ikehu o nā photons i loaʻa e hoʻonāukiuki i nā electrons. Ke alakaʻi nei kēia i ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka hana ʻana o ATP a me NADPH, a pēlā e hoʻonui ai i ka wikiwiki o nā hopena kukui.
Eia nō naʻe, i kekahi manawa, hiki ka wikiwiki o ka hopena i kona mana kiʻekiʻe loa, i ʻike ʻia ʻo ke kiko saturation māmā. Ma hope o kēia manawa, ʻaʻole e hoʻonui hou ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ikaika o ka mālamalama i ka wikiwiki o ka hopena, no ka mea, ʻo nā mea ʻē aʻe, e like me nā enzymes i pili, e lilo paha i mea palena.
Nīnau 3: Kumu o ka Oxygen i nā Hana Mālamalama
Nīnau: Mai hea mai ka oxygen i hana ʻia i ka wā o nā hopena māmā?
Kūkākūkā:
ʻO ka oxygen i hana ʻia i ka wā o nā hopena māmā mai nā molekala wai (H₂O). ʻO kēia kaʻina hana, i ʻike ʻia ʻo ka photolysis o ka wai, hana ʻia ma ka photosystem II. Ke omo ka chlorophyll i ka photosystem II i ka mālamalama, lilo ia i mea hoʻoikaika a hoʻoili i kēia ikehu i ke kikowaena hopena, e hana ana i ka māhele ʻana o ka wai i oxygen, protons, a me nā electrons. Hoʻopuka ʻia ka oxygen ma ke ʻano he huahana o kēia māhele ʻana o ka wai a hoʻokuʻu ʻia i ka lewa.
Nīnau 4: Ka hopena o ka nele o ka wai i nā hopena māmā
Nīnau: Pehea ka hopena o ka nele o ka wai i nā hopena mālamalama i ka photosynthesis?
Kūkākūkā:
ʻO ka wai ke kumu o nā electrons e pono ai e pani i nā mea i nalowale mai ka photosystem II ma hope o ka omo ʻana o ka mālamalama. Ma lalo o nā kūlana nele i ka wai, ua kāohi ʻia ka photolysis wai, e hōʻemi ana i ka lako electron. ʻO ka hopena, lohi a oki paha ke kaulahao lawe electron holoʻokoʻa, a emi iho ka hana ʻana o ATP a me NADPH.
Eia kekahi, ʻo ke kaomi wai haʻahaʻa i loko o nā hunaola mea kanu hiki ke hoʻopili i nā stomata e hōʻemi i ka mahu ʻana o ka wai. Hoʻopaʻa ka pani ʻana o ka stomatal i ke komo ʻana o ke kalapona ʻokikene, hiki ke hoʻopilikia i ke kahua hana ʻeleʻele o ka photosynthesis.
Nīnau 5: Hoʻololi ʻana o nā mea kanu i ka ikaika o ka mālamalama haʻahaʻa
Nīnau: Pehea e hiki ai i nā mea kanu ke hoʻololi i nā kūlana mālamalama haʻahaʻa e hoʻonui i nā hopena mālamalama?
Kūkākūkā:
Hoʻomohala pinepine nā mea kanu e ulu ana i nā wahi haʻahaʻa i nā hoʻololi e hoʻonui i ka omo ʻana o ka mālamalama. ʻO kekahi o ia ʻano hoʻololi ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka nui o ka chlorophyll i loko o nā chloroplasts, e ʻae ana iā lākou e hopu i ka mālamalama i loaʻa. Hiki i nā lau ke lahilahi a nui aʻe e hoʻonui i ka wahi o ka omo ʻana o ka mālamalama.
Eia kekahi, hoʻololi kekahi mau mea kanu i ke ʻano o kā lākou photosystem a hoʻonui paha i ka pono o kā lākou kaulahao lawe electron e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ikehu mālamalama i kaupalena ʻia. Kōkua kēia mau hoʻololi i nā mea kanu e ola a hoʻomau i ka photosynthesis ʻoiai ma nā kūlana mālamalama maikaʻi ʻole.
Nīnau 6: Ka Pilina Ma waena o nā Hana Māmā a me nā Hana Pōʻeleʻele
Nīnau: E wehewehe i ka pilina ma waena o nā hopena māmā a me nā hopena pōʻeleʻele i ke kaʻina hana o ka photosynthesis.
Kūkākūkā:
ʻO nā hopena mālamalama a me ka pouli he ʻelua mau pae pili like o ka photosynthesis. Hana ʻia nā hopena mālamalama i loko o ka membrane thylakoid a hana i ka ATP a me NADPH. Hāʻawi kēia mau molekala ʻelua i ka ikehu a me nā electrons e pono ai no nā hopena pouli.
ʻO nā hopena ʻeleʻele, i ʻike ʻia hoʻi ʻo ke kaʻina hana Calvin, e hana ʻia ma ka stroma o nā chloroplasts a ʻaʻole pono ka mālamalama. Hoʻohana kēia pae i ka ATP a me NADPH mai nā hopena māmā me ke kalapona ʻokikene mai ka lewa e hana i ka glucose. No laila, me ka ʻole o nā huahana o nā hopena māmā, ʻaʻole hiki ke hana ʻia nā hopena ʻeleʻele.
Eia kekahi mau nīnau hoʻohālike a me nā kūkākūkā e pili ana i nā hopena māmā i ka photosynthesis. Ma ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā ʻano hana a me nā mea e hoʻopilikia ai i nā hopena māmā, hiki i nā haumāna ke hoʻomaopopo maʻalahi i ka manaʻo holoʻokoʻa o ka photosynthesis a pane i nā nīnau like ʻole ma nā hoʻokolohua biology. ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā pilina ma waena o kēlā me kēia pae a me ka ʻāpana o ka photosynthesis ke kī i ka mahalo ʻana i ka paʻakikī a me ka nani o kēia kaʻina hana olaola.
