Poʻomanaʻo: Nā nīnau hoʻohālike a me ke kūkākūkā ʻana o nā keʻa Monohybrid
Pendahuluan
ʻO ka Genetics kahi lālā o ka biology e aʻo ana pehea e hoʻoili ʻia ai nā ʻano mai kekahi hanauna a i kekahi. ʻO kahi manaʻo nui i ka genetics ʻo ia ke keʻa monohybrid, ʻo ia kahi keʻa e pili ana i hoʻokahi pālua o nā ʻano like ʻole. ʻO nā keʻa monohybrid hoihoi a paʻakikī hoʻi, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia e aʻo pehea e launa pū ai nā alleles (nā ʻano like ʻole o kahi gene) e hoʻoholo i nā ʻano o kahi meaola. Ma kēia ʻatikala, e kūkākūkā mākou i kekahi mau pilikia hoʻohālike a me kā lākou kūkākūkā ʻana e pili ana i nā keʻa monohybrid.
Laʻana Nīnau 1: Ke Keʻa ʻana o ka Mea kanu Pī
ʻO kahi laʻana maʻamau o kahi hui monohybrid ʻo ia ka noiʻi a Gregor Mendel me nā mea kanu pī. Ma kekahi hoʻokolohua, ua hui pū ʻo Mendel i kahi mea kanu pī pua poni (UU) me kahi mea kanu pī pua keʻokeʻo recessive (uu).
Nīnau: He aha nā phenotypes a me nā genotypes o ka hua F1 a me F2?
Kūkākūkā:
– Hanauna F1:
Ua hoʻohui ʻo Mendel i kahi mea kanu pua poni (UU) me kahi mea kanu pua keʻokeʻo (uu). Ma muli o kēia hoʻohui ʻana, e loaʻa i nā hua F1 āpau ka genotype (Uu) no ka mea ua loaʻa iā lākou hoʻokahi allele dominant mai ka makua pua poni a me hoʻokahi allele recessive mai ka makua pua keʻokeʻo. Ma muli o ka dominant o ka allele poni (U), e loaʻa i nā mea kanu F1 āpau kahi phenotype poni. No laila, i ka hanauna F1, loaʻa i nā mea kanu āpau kahi phenotype poni me kahi genotype heterozygous (Uu).
– Hanauna F2:
Ke hoʻohui ʻia nā mea kanu F1 (Uu) kekahi i kekahi, ʻo ka lakio phenotypic o nā hua F2 i loaʻa he 3:1, ma muli o ka huinaha Punnett. ʻO ka hoʻolaha genotypic i loaʻa he 1 UU: 2 Uu: 1 uu. Ma ke ʻano o ka phenotype, 3 o nā mea kanu e loaʻa nā pua poni a 1 e loaʻa nā pua keʻokeʻo.
No laila, ʻo ka genotype F2 e pili ana i:
– 25% UU (homozygous dominant)
– 50% Uu (heterozygous)
– 25% uu (homozygous recessive)
ʻO ke ʻano o ka phenotype:
– 75% pua poni (UU a me Uu)
– 25% pua keʻokeʻo (uu)
Laʻana Nīnau 2: Keʻa Holoholona
E noʻonoʻo i ke ʻano o kahi keʻa ʻana i nā ʻiole. Manaʻo ʻia ʻo ka allele no ka huluhulu ʻeleʻele (B) he dominant ma luna o ka allele no ka huluhulu ʻeleʻele (b). Inā ua keʻa ʻia kahi ʻiole heterozygous (Bb) me kahi ʻiole homozygous recessive (bb), he aha ka phenotype a me ka genotype o kā lākou keiki?
Kūkākūkā:
– He heterozygous ka ʻiole mua me ka genotype (Bb), a he recessive homozygous ka ʻiole ʻelua me ka genotype (bb).
– Ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi huinahā Punnett, hiki iā mākou ke ʻike i nā hui pū ʻana o nā allele o nā keiki:
| B | b |
|—|—-|—-|
ʻŌlelo aʻo no ka poʻe ʻē aʻe
ʻŌlelo aʻo no ka poʻe ʻē aʻe
– ʻO nā genotypes hiki o ka hua penei:
– 50% Bb (heterozygous)
– 50% bb (homozygous recessive)
- Ma ke ʻano o ke ʻano o ke kino:
– He huluhulu ʻeleʻele ko 50% o nā keiki (Bb)
– 50% e loaʻa ka huluhulu ʻeleʻele (bb)
Laʻana Nīnau 3: Ke Kaʻi ʻAna i nā Kānaka
I loko o ke kanaka, e manaʻo ʻia ʻo ka allele no nā manamana lima maʻamau (N) he dominant ma luna o ka allele no polydactyly (nā manamana lima keu) (n). Inā he heterozygous kekahi makua no kēia ʻano a he homozygous kekahi makua no recessive, he aha ka lakio phenotype-to-genotype o ka hua?
Kūkākūkā:
– Loaʻa i nā mākua Heterozygous ka genotype (Nn), a loaʻa i nā mākua homozygous recessive ka genotype (nn).
– Ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā huinahā Punnett, loaʻa iā mākou:
| ʻAʻole | ʻaʻole |
|—|—-|—-|
| n | Nn | nn |
| n | Nn | nn |
– ʻO ke ʻano o ka hua:
– 50% Nn (heterozygous)
– 50% nn (homozygous recessive)
– ʻO ke ʻano o ke keiki:
– 50% mau manamana lima maʻamau (Nn)
– 50% polydactyly (nn)
Ka hopena:
He mea hana koʻikoʻi nā keʻa monohybrid i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā kumumanaʻo o ka hoʻoilina. Ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kumumanaʻo kumu e like me ka dominance a me ka recessiveness, hiki iā mākou ke wānana i ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā phenotypes a me nā genotypes i nā hanauna e hiki mai ana. ʻO ke kī i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā keʻa monohybrid ʻo ia ka ʻike ʻana i nā hōʻailona no nā alleles dominant a me recessive a me ka hiki ke kūkulu a kālailai i nā pahu Punnett. ʻO ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa mau ʻana me nā hiʻohiʻona like ʻole e hoʻoikaika i ko mākou ʻike i nā genetics kumu a hoʻonui i ko mākou ʻike i ke ʻano o ka hoʻoilina ʻana i nā ʻano.
