Nā nīnau hoʻohālike e kūkākūkā ana i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ke kelepona
He kumuhana koʻikoʻi ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ke kelepona i loko o ke olaola kelepona, kahi e nānā ai i ke ʻano a me ka hana o nā ʻāpana like ʻole i loko o nā kelepona. Ma kēia ʻatikala, e kūkākūkā mākou i kekahi mau pilikia hoʻohālike e pili ana i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ke kelepona, me kā lākou mau hoʻonā. E kōkua kēia iā ʻoe e hoʻomaopopo i nā manaʻo koʻikoʻi i loko o ke olaola kelepona a pehea e hoʻopili ai iā lākou.
Nīnau 1: ʻIli Kelepona
Nīnau:
E wehewehe i nā hana nui o ka membrane cell a pehea e kākoʻo ai kona ʻano i kēia mau hana.
Kūkākūkā:
ʻO ka membrane cell, a i ʻole ka membrane plasma, lawelawe nui ia e pale i ke kelepona mai ke kaiapuni waho a hoʻoponopono i ke komo ʻana a me ka puka ʻana o nā molekala ma o ke kelepona. He semi-permeable kēia membrane, e ʻae ana i ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā ions a me nā molekala organik e pono ai no ka hana kelepona.
ʻO ke ʻano o ka membrane cell, ʻo ia hoʻi kahi bilayer phospholipid palupalu, me nā poʻo phosphate hydrophilic e kū pono ana i waho a me nā huelo hydrophobic fatty acid e kū pono ana i loko. Kākoʻo kēia ʻano i ka hana o ka membrane cell ma o:
1. Hoʻokumu i kahi palena palupalu akā ikaika ma waena o loko a me waho o ke kelepona.
2. E hoʻolako i kahi ʻano e hoʻoponopono ai i ke kaʻa o nā molekala ma o ke kahawai a me nā protein lawe i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ka membrane.
3. Ke hoʻokō nei i nā hana kamaʻilio pūnaewele ma o nā protein receptor ma ka ʻili o ke kelepona.
Eia kekahi, ʻo ka cholesterol i loko o ka membrane e hoʻonui i ke kūpaʻa me ka ʻole e hōʻemi i kona wai.
Nīnau 2: Nā Organelles Kelepona
Nīnau:
E hoʻohālikelike a hoʻohālikelike i nā hana o nā mitochondria a me nā chloroplasts i loko o nā pūnaewele eukaryotic.
Kūkākūkā:
ʻO Mitochondria a me chloroplasts ʻelua mau organelles koʻikoʻi i loko o nā pūnaewele eukaryotic e pili ana i ka hana ʻana i ka ikehu, akā ma nā ʻano like ʻole a ma nā ʻano cell like ʻole.
Mitokondria:
– ʻIke ʻia ʻo ia ka “hale mana o ke kelepona.” ʻO ia kahi e hana ʻia ai ka hanu ʻana o ke kelepona, ka mea e hoʻololi ai i ka glucose a me ka oxygen i ATP (adenosine triphosphate), ke kumu ikehu mua o ke kelepona.
– Loaʻa i loko o nā pūnaewele eukaryotic āpau, nā holoholona a me nā mea kanu.
– ʻO ke ʻano o ka mitochondria he membrane pālua me nā ʻāpana o loko i kapa ʻia ʻo cristae, kahi e hoʻonui ai i ka ʻili no nā hopena hanu cellular.
Nā Chloroplasts:
– Loaʻa wale nō i loko o nā hunaola mea kanu a me kekahi mau protists.
– ʻO kahi e hana ʻia ai ka photosynthesis, ke kaʻina hana e hoʻololi ai i ka lā, ke kalapona ʻokikene, a me ka wai i glucose a me ka oxygen.
– He ʻano paʻakikī kona me ka membrane pālua a me nā puʻu o nā thylakoids e hana ana i kahi granum, kahi e hana ʻia ai ke kaʻina hana o ka photosynthesis.
ʻO ka mea like o kēia mau organelles ʻelua, ʻo ia ko lāua ʻelua DNA ponoʻī, kahi e kākoʻo ana i ke kumumanaʻo ua hoʻomaka lākou mai nā meaola prokaryotic i hoʻopuni ʻia e nā cell eukaryotic kahiko.
Nīnau 3: Nucleus Cell
Nīnau:
E wehewehe i ke kuleana o ka nucleus i loko o nā pūnaewele eukaryotic a pehea e kaohi ai i nā hana o ke kelepona.
Kūkākūkā:
ʻO ka nucleus ke kikowaena hoʻomalu o nā pūnaewele eukaryotic. Eia kekahi o nā kuleana nui o ka nucleus:
1. Ka mālama ʻana i ka ʻike hoʻoilina:
Mālama ka nucleus i ka DNA, nona ka ʻike genetic no ka ulu ʻana o ke kelepona, ka hana, a me ka hana hou ʻana. Paʻa ka DNA ma ke ʻano o ka chromatin, koe wale nō i ka wā o ka mahele ʻana o ke kelepona, i ka wā e hoʻopili ʻia ai i loko o nā chromosome.
2. Ka Hoʻololi ʻana a me ka Hoʻoponopono ʻana o ka Gene:
ʻO ka nucleus ke kahua o ka transcription, kahi e hoʻololi ʻia ai ka DNA i messenger RNA (mRNA). A laila haʻalele ka mRNA i ka nucleus e unuhi ʻia i loko o nā protein e nā ribosomes i loko o ka cytoplasm. Hoʻoponopono kēia kaʻina hana i nā genes i hōʻike ʻia a me ka nui, me ke kōkua o nā transcription factors a me nā hoʻololi epigenetic.
3. Hoʻopili hou ʻana o ka DNA:
I ka wā o ka mahele ʻana o ke kelepona, hōʻoia ka nucleus e hana pololei ʻia ka hana hou ʻana o ka DNA, e hāʻawi ana i ka hana pālua like no kēlā me kēia kelepona kaikamahine.
4. Ka Halihali ʻana o ka Nucleus-Cytoplasm:
Loaʻa i ka membrane nukelea nā pores nukelea e kaohi ana i ka lawe ʻana o nā molekala e like me RNA a me nā subunits ribosomal ma waena o ka nucleus a me ka cytoplasm.
Nīnau 4: Cytoplasm a me Cytoskeleton
Nīnau:
He aha ke kuleana o ka cytoskeleton i loko o ke kelepona, a pehea e kākoʻo ai kāna mau ʻāpana i kāna hana?
Kūkākūkā:
ʻO ka cytoskeleton kahi pūnaewele o nā olonā e hāʻawi ana i ke ʻano a me ke kākoʻo mechanical no nā pūnaewele, mālama i ko lākou ʻano, a ʻae i ka neʻe ʻana o nā organelles a me nā molekala i loko o ke kelepona.
ʻO nā ʻāpana nui ʻekolu o ka cytoskeleton:
1. Nā Microtubules:
– Hana ʻia me ka tubulin, hana ia e mālama i ke ʻano o ke kelepona a hāʻawi i kahi ala no ka neʻe ʻana o nā vesicles a me nā organelles ma o ka hana o nā protein motor e like me kinesin a me dynein.
- Hoʻokomo i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā chromosomes i ka wā mitosis.
2. Nā ʻAkika ʻAkika (Nā Mikrofilamen):
– Hana ʻia me ka protein actin, he kuleana kona i ka neʻe ʻana o nā pūnaewele ma o ka pseudopodia, a me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o nā ʻiʻo i loko o nā pūnaewele holoholona.
– He kuleana kona i ka mahele ʻana o ka cytoplasm (cytokinesis) i ka wā o ka mahele ʻana o ke kelepona.
3. Nā Filaments Waena:
– Nā hana e hāʻawi i ke kūpaʻa o ke ʻano a me ka ikaika tensile i nā cell. ʻOi aku ka paʻa o kēia ʻāpana ma mua o nā ʻano filament ʻē aʻe.
– Hāʻawi i ka ikaika mechanical e kūʻē i ka hamo ʻana i nā cell, e like me nā cell ʻili.
ʻAe ka cytoskeleton i nā pūnaewele e hoʻololi a loli e like me kā lākou mau pono hana, ma ka lawe ʻana i loko o ka cell a me nā pilina me ke kaiapuni o waho.
Ma ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā hana a me nā ʻano like ʻole o kēlā me kēia o kēia mau ʻāpana, hiki iā mākou ke ʻike pehea e kākoʻo ai ka paʻakikī o ke kelepona i nā hana olaola like ʻole e pono ai ke ola. ʻO ka pahuhopu o kēia ʻatikala e hāʻawi i kahi kiʻi maopopo o ka haku mele ʻana o ke kelepona a kōkua i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā manaʻo o ka biology kelepona.
