Nā nīnau hoʻohālike a me ke kūkākūkā ʻana o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka hydrocarbon
ʻO nā hydrocarbons he mau hui organik i haku ʻia me nā mea kalapona (C) a me hydrogen (H). Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia kēia mau hui ma muli o ko lākou ʻano a me nā ʻano o nā pilina i loaʻa iā lākou. Ma ke ʻano laulā, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā hydrocarbons i ʻelua mau māhele ākea: nā hydrocarbons aliphatic a me nā hydrocarbons aromatic. E kūkākūkā kēia ʻatikala i kekahi mau pilikia hoʻohālike a me kā lākou mau kūkākūkā e pili ana i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka hydrocarbon.
1. Nā Hydrocarbons Aliphatic
ʻO nā hydrocarbons Aliphatic he mau hydrocarbons ʻaʻohe ona apo benzene a i ʻole nā apo ʻala ʻē aʻe. Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale hou ʻia nā hydrocarbons Aliphatic i ʻekolu ʻano:
a. ʻAlkana
ʻO nā Alkanes he mau hydrocarbons saturated e loaʻa ana nā pilina hoʻokahi ma waena o nā ʻātoma kalapona. ʻO ke ʻano maʻamau no nā alkanes ʻo CnH2n+2.
Laʻana Nīnau 1:
E kākau i ke ʻano kemika a me ka inoa o ka alkane me 5 mau ʻātoma kalapona.
Kūkākūkā:
No kahi alkane me 5 mau ʻātoma kalapona (n=5), ʻo ke ʻano kemika ʻo C5H12. Ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā lula inoa IUPAC, ua kapa ʻia kēia hui ʻo Pentane.
b. ʻAlkena
ʻO nā alkenes he mau hydrocarbons unsaturated i loaʻa i hoʻokahi a ʻoi aku paha nā pilina pālua (C=C) ma waena o nā ʻātoma kalapona. ʻO ko lākou ʻano maʻamau ʻo CnH2n.
Laʻana Nīnau 2:
E kākau i ke ʻano kemika a me ka inoa o kahi alkene me 3 mau ʻātoma kalapona.
Kūkākūkā:
No kahi alkene me 3 mau ʻātoma kalapona (n=3), ʻo ke ʻano kemika ʻo C3H6. Ua ʻike ʻia kēia hui ʻo propene.
c. ʻAlkynes
ʻO nā Alkynes he mau hydrocarbons unsaturated e loaʻa ana i hoʻokahi a ʻoi aku paha nā pilina triple (C≡C) ma waena o nā ʻātoma kalapona. ʻO ko lākou ʻano maʻamau ʻo CnH2n-2.
Laʻana Nīnau 3:
E kākau i ke ʻano kemika a me ka inoa o kahi alkyne me 4 mau ʻātoma kalapona.
Kūkākūkā:
No kahi alkyne me 4 mau ʻātoma kalapona (n=4), ʻo ke ʻano kemika ʻo C4H6. Ua ʻike ʻia kēia hui ʻo Butyne.
2. Nā Hydrocarbons ʻAla
ʻO nā hydrocarbons ʻala he mau hydrocarbons i loaʻa i hoʻokahi a ʻoi aku paha nā apo benzene i loko o ko lākou ʻano. He hui koʻikoʻi loa ʻo Benzene i ka kemika organik a loaʻa iā ia ke ʻano kemika C6H6.
Laʻana Nīnau 4:
E wehewehe i ke kumu i hoʻokomo ʻia ai ka benzene i ka māhele hydrocarbon ʻala a hāʻawi i kekahi mau laʻana.
Kūkākūkā:
Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ʻo Benzene ma ke ʻano he hydrocarbon ʻala no ka mea ʻo ia ke ʻano apo maʻalahi a paʻa loa, me nā pilina π i hoʻolaha like ʻia a puni ke apo kalapona. Hāʻawi kēia i ka benzene i ke kūpaʻa nui aʻe ma mua o nā hydrocarbons aliphatic. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o nā hydrocarbons ʻala ʻē aʻe ma mua o ka benzene e komo pū ana me toluene (methylbenzene), xylene (dimethylbenzene), a me naphthalene (ʻelua mau apo benzene i hui pū ʻia).
3. Nā Isomers a me nā Stereoisomers
ʻO nā isomers nā hui i loaʻa ke ʻano molekala like akā nā ʻano like ʻole. ʻO nā stereoisomers kahi ʻano isomer kahi i hoʻonohonoho ʻia ai nā ʻātoma i loko o kahi molekala ma ke ʻano like akā ʻokoʻa i ke kuhikuhi ʻekolu-dimensional.
a. Nā Isomers Kūkulu
ʻO nā isomers kūkulu he mau isomers i ʻokoʻa i ke ʻano o ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ko lākou mau ʻātoma i nā kaulahao kalapona a i ʻole nā apo.
Laʻana Nīnau 5:
E hāʻawi i ʻelua isomers hoʻonohonoho no C4H10.
Kūkākūkā:
ʻO nā isomers hoʻonohonoho ʻelua no C4H10:
1. n-Butane (kaula pololei): CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3
2. Isobutane (kaula lālā): (CH3)2CH-CH3
b. Nā Stereoisomers Geometric
ʻIke ʻia ka stereoisomerism geometric (cis-trans isomerism) i loko o nā alkenes a i ʻole nā hui me nā pilina pālua i ʻole e wili manuahi.
Laʻana Nīnau 6:
E hāʻawi i kahi laʻana o kahi stereoisomer geometric no 2-butene.
Kūkākūkā:
No 2-butene (C4H8), aia ʻelua mau stereoisomers:
1. cis-2-butene, kahi e kū ai nā ʻātoma hydrogen ʻelua ma ka ʻaoʻao like o ka pilina pālua.
2. trans-2-butene, kahi e kū ai nā ʻātoma hydrogen ʻelua ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe o ka pilina pālua.
4. Nā Cyclo-Haydrocarbons
ʻO nā cyclo-hydrocarbons he mau hydrocarbons e hana ana i kahi ʻano apo me ka ʻole o nā pilina pālua hou aʻe ma mua o nā mea e pono ai ke hana i ke apo.
a. Cycloalkane
ʻO nā cycloalkanes he mau hydrocarbons cyclic saturated nona ke ʻano maʻamau CnH2n.
Laʻana Nīnau 7:
E kākau i ke ʻano kemika a me ka inoa o ka cycloalkane me 6 mau ʻātoma kalapona.
Kūkākūkā:
No kahi cycloalkane me 6 mau ʻātoma kalapona (n=6), ʻo ke ʻano kemika ʻo C6H12. Ua ʻike ʻia kēia hui ʻo cyclohexane.
b. Nā Cycloalkenes
ʻO nā Cycloalkenes he mau hydrocarbons cyclic unsaturated e loaʻa ana nā pilina pālua i loko o ke apo.
Laʻana Nīnau 8:
E kākau i ke ʻano kemika a me ka inoa o kahi cycloalkene me 5 mau ʻātoma kalapona.
Kūkākūkā:
No kahi cycloalkene me 5 mau ʻātoma kalapona (n=5), ʻo ke ʻano kemika ʻo C5H8. Ua ʻike ʻia kēia hui ʻo cyclopentene.
Ka hopena
ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka hydrocarbon a me nā ʻano isomers like ʻole he mea nui ia i ka kemika organik. Hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia nā hydrocarbons i nā hydrocarbons aliphatic (alkanes, alkenes, alkynes) a me nā hydrocarbons aromatic. Eia kekahi, ʻo ke kumumanaʻo o ka isomerism, ʻo ke ʻano hana a me ka stereoisomerism, he mea nui ia no ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā hui organik like ʻole. Ma ka hana ʻana ma o nā laʻana a me nā kūkākūkā i hāʻawi ʻia, manaʻolana ʻia e puka mai kahi ʻike hohonu o kēia mea.
Me ka hoʻomaopopo maikaʻi ʻana i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana a me nā waiwai o kēlā me kēia ʻano hydrocarbon, hiki iā mākou ke hoʻomaopopo maikaʻi i nā noi a me nā hopena kemika e pili ana i kēia mau pūhui i ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā a me ka ʻoihana kemika.
