Nā nīnau hoʻohālike a me ke kūkākūkā ʻana o ke kaulike ma nā hoʻonā
Pendahuluan
ʻO ke kaulike kemika kahi manaʻo nui i ka kemika he mea nui ia no ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā hopena kemika. ʻO ke kaulike i loko o kahi hopena kahi e hana ʻia ai ʻelua a ʻoi aku paha nā hopena kū'ē i ka wikiwiki like, i mau ai ka nui o nā mea hana a me nā huahana i ka hala ʻana o ka manawa. Ma kēia ʻatikala, e kūkākūkā mākou i kekahi mau laʻana o ke kaulike i loko o nā hopena a kūkākūkā iā lākou me nā kikoʻī. Manaʻolana mākou e kōkua kēia ʻatikala i ka hoʻonui ʻana i kou ʻike i ke kumumanaʻo o ke kaulike kemika.
Nā Manaʻo Kumu o ke Kaulike Kemika
Ma mua o ke komo ʻana i nā nīnau hoʻohālike a me ke kūkākūkā ʻana, he mea nui e hoʻomaopopo i kekahi mau manaʻo kumu o ke kaulike kemika:
1. Ke Kaulike Ola: Ma ke kūlana kaulike, ʻaʻole e pau ka hopena, akā hana like ka hopena i mua a me ka hopena i hope.
2. Ke kūpaʻa kaulike (K): Hoʻohana ʻia e hōʻike i ka nui o ka hiki ʻana o kahi hopena i ke kaulike. ʻO ke ʻano maʻamau no ke kūpaʻa kaulike:
\[ K = \frac{{[huahana]}}{[mea hoʻopili]} \]
3. Ke Kānāwai o ka Hana Nui: Hōʻike ʻia ka nui o kēlā me kēia mea i loko o kahi hopena ma ke ʻano exponential e like me nā coefficients i ka hoʻohālikelike kemika.
Nā Nīnau Laʻana a me ke Kūkākūkā
Laʻana Nīnau 1
Nīnau:
Ua ʻike ʻia ka hoʻohālikelike hopena kaulike penei:
\[ N_2O_4 (g) \arrow hema 2NO_2 (g) \]
Ma kekahi mahana, ʻo ke kaulike kaulike o \(N_2O_4 \) he 0.10 M a ʻo \(NO_2 \) he 0.20 M. E helu i ka waiwai o ke kūpaʻa kaulike, \(K_c \), no ka hopena.
Kūkākūkā:
ʻO ke kaulike no ke kūpaʻa kaulike \( K_c \) penei:
\[ K_c = \frac{{[NO_2]^2}}{[N_2O_4]} \]
E hoʻokomo i nā waiwai o ka noʻonoʻo i loko o ka hoohalike:
\[ K_c = \frac{{(0.20)^2}}{0.10} \]
\[ K_c = \frac{{0.04}}{0.10} = 0.40 \]
No laila, ʻo ka waiwai o \( K_c \) no ka hopena he 0.40.
Laʻana Nīnau 2
Nīnau:
I loko o kahi pahu pani, e palaho ke kinoea \( PCl_5 \) i \( PCl_3 \) a me \( Cl_2 \) e like me ke kaulike:
\[ PCl_5 (g) \leftrightarrow PCl_3 (g) + Cl_2 (g) \]
Inā ʻo ke kūpaʻa kaulike, \( K_c \), ma kekahi mahana he 0.200 a ma ke kaulike ʻo ka nui o \( PCl_5 \) he 1.00 M, e helu i nā nui o \( PCl_3 \) a me \( Cl_2 \) ma ke kaulike.
Kūkākūkā:
Manaʻo ʻia ʻo ka nui o \( PCl_3 \) a me \( Cl_2 \) ma ke kaulike he x M. Ma muli o ka hoʻohālikelike hopena, ua emi pū ka nui o \( PCl_5 \) e x M.
No laila, hiki ke kākau ʻia ka hoohalike kaulike penei:
\[ K_c = \frac{{[PCl_3][Cl_2]}}{[PCl_5]} \]
E pani i nā waiwai o \( K_c \) a me ka nui o \( PCl_5 \):
\[ 0.200 = \frac{{x^2}}{(1.00 – x)} \]
Ke hoʻoponopono nei i nā kaulike quadratic:
\[ 0.200 = \frac{{x^2}}{(1.00 – x)} \]
\[ 0.200 (1.00 – x) = x^2 \]
\[ 0.200 – 0.200x = x^2 \]
\[ x^2 + 0.200x – 0.200 = 0 \]
ʻO ka hopena i kēia hoʻohālikelike quadratic ʻo x = 0.332 a i ʻole x = -0.532 (ʻaʻohe pili o ka hopena maikaʻi ʻole, ʻoiai ʻaʻole hiki ke maikaʻi ʻole ka noʻonoʻo ʻana).
No laila, ʻo ka nui o \(PCl_3 \) a me \(Cl_2 \) ma ke kaulike he 0.332 M.
Laʻana Nīnau 3
Nīnau:
I loko o ka hopena, hiki i nā iona hydroxide (\( OH^- \)) ke hana me nā iona ammonium (\( NH_4^+ \)) e hana i ka wai (\( H_2O \)) a me ka ammonia (\( NH_3 \)). ʻO ke kaulike o ka hopena:
\[ NH_4^+ (aq) + OH^- (aq) \leftrightarrow H_2O (l) + NH_3 (aq) \]
Inā ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia ke kūpaʻa kaulike (\( K_c \)) i 1.8 x 10^5 ma kekahi mahana, a ʻo nā ʻano mua o \( NH_4^+ \) a me \( OH^- \) he 0.10 M a me 0.15 M, kēlā me kēia, e helu i ka ʻano o \( NH_3 \) ke hiki i ke kaulike.
Kūkākūkā:
E kākau i ke kaulike kaulike:
\[ K_c = \frac{{[NH_3]}}{[NH_4^+][OH^-]} \]
Manaʻo ʻia ʻo x ka nui o \( NH_3 \) i hoʻokumu ʻia ma ke kaulike, a laila e emi ana ka nui o \( NH_4^+ \) a me \( OH^- \) me kēlā me kēia x.
\[ K_c = \frac{{x}}{(0.10 – x)(0.15 – x)} \]
E pani i ka waiwai o \( K_c \):
\[ 1.8 \times 10^5 = \frac{{x}}{(0.10 – x)(0.15 – x)} \]
Manaʻo ʻia he liʻiliʻi loa ʻo x i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me 0.10 a me 0.15 i hiki ai iā \( 0.10 – x \approx 0.10 \) a me \( 0.15 – x \approx 0.15 \):
\[ 1.8 \times 10^5 = \frac{{x}}{(0.10)(0.15)} \]
\[ x = 1.8 \times 10^5 \times (0.10) \times (0.15) \]
\[ x = 2.7 \]
No laila, ua manaʻo ʻia ka nui o \(NH_3 \) ma ke kaulike he 2.7 M.
Ka hopena
Mai ke kūkākūkā ʻana ma luna, hiki ke hoʻoholo ʻia he mea nui ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke kumumanaʻo o ke kaulike kemika no ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā pilikia like ʻole e pili ana i ke kaulike i nā hopena. Ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kānāwai o ka hana nuipa a me ke kūpaʻa kaulike, hiki iā mākou ke helu i nā ʻano o nā ʻano like ʻole i loko o kahi hopena ke hiki ke kaulike. Hoʻopā wale kēia ʻatikala i kekahi mau laʻana kumu. I ka hana maoli, hiki ke paʻakikī loa nā helu kaulike kemika, e pili ana i nā mea e like me ka mahana, ke kaomi, a me ka hana ion i loko o ka hopena.
