Nā nīnau hoʻohālike a me ke kūkākūkā e pili ana i ka helu o nā Chromosomes
I loko o ka biology, he mau ʻano koʻikoʻi nā chromosomes e lawe ana i ka ʻike genetic mai kekahi hanauna a i kekahi. He mea nui ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā chromosomes no nā haumāna biology, no ka mea, pili lākou i nā ʻano like ʻole e like me ka genetics, ka evolution, a me ke olakino kanaka. E hāʻawi kēia ʻatikala i kekahi mau pilikia hoʻohālike e uhi ana i ke kumuhana o ka helu chromosome, me nā kūkākūkā e hoʻoikaika i ko mākou ʻike.
Ke Hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā Chromosome
ʻO nā chromosome he mau ʻano i loaʻa i loko o ka nucleus cell e lawe ana i nā genes. Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia cell kanaka maʻamau he 46 chromosomes, nona nā pālua 22 o nā autosomes a me hoʻokahi pālua o nā chromosomes sex (XX no nā wahine a me XY no nā kāne). He mea nui ka helu kūpono o nā chromosomes no ka hana maʻamau o nā cell, a hiki i nā loli i ka helu chromosome ke alakaʻi i nā maʻi genetic.
Laʻana Nīnau 1: Nā Kumu o ka Helu Chromosome
Nīnau: Ehia mau chromosome i loaʻa i loko o kahi pūnaewele kino kanaka maʻamau?
Kūkākūkā:
ʻO kahi pūnaewele kino kanaka maʻamau, a i ʻole ke kelepona somatic, aia he 46 mau chromosome. Loaʻa i kēia mau mea he 23 mau pālua o nā chromosome, nona nā pālua he 22 he autosomes a hoʻokahi pālua he sex chromosomes. ʻO nā autosome nā chromosome ʻaʻole e hoʻoholo i ke kāne a like ma waena o nā kāne. ʻO nā chromosome sex, ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, e hoʻoholo i ke kāne biological o ke kanaka. I loko o nā pūnaewele somatic kanaka, he diploid ka helu chromosome, ʻo ia hoʻi, aia ʻelua mau set o nā chromosome i hoʻoilina ʻia mai kēlā me kēia makua.
Laʻana Nīnau 2: Nā Chromosomes Gamete
Nīnau: Inā he 46 mau chromosomes ko kahi cell somatic kanaka, ehia mau chromosomes i loko o kahi gamete kanaka?
Kūkākūkā:
ʻO nā gametes, a i ʻole nā kelepona moe, aia wale nō ka hapalua o ka nui o nā chromosomes i loaʻa i nā cell somatic. No laila, aia nā gametes kanaka he 23 chromosomes. Ua kapa ʻia kēia ʻo ka helu haploid (n). Ua kapa ʻia nā gametes kāne he sperm, ʻoiai ua kapa ʻia nā gametes wahine he hua manu. Ke hana ʻia ka fertilization, hāʻawi ka sperm a me ka hua manu i 23 chromosomes, e hopena ana i kahi zygote me 46 chromosomes.
Laʻana Nīnau 3: Anomaly Helu Chromosome
Nīnau: E wehewehe i ka mea e hana inā he helu kūpono ʻole ko ke kanaka o nā chromosomes.
Kūkākūkā:
Hiki i nā loli i ka helu o nā chromosomes i loko o nā cell kanaka ke hana i kahi kūlana i ʻike ʻia ʻo aneuploidy. Hiki ke hana ʻia ka aneuploidy ma nā autosomes a i ʻole nā chromosomes sex. ʻO ka laʻana kaulana loa o ka aneuploidy ʻo Down syndrome, i hana ʻia e ke alo o kahi chromosome 21 keu (trisomy 21). Loaʻa i nā kānaka me Down syndrome he 47 chromosomes. I kēia manawa, ma nā chromosomes sex, ʻo nā kūlana e like me Klinefelter syndrome (XXY) a i ʻole Turner syndrome (XO) i hana ʻia e kahi helu maʻamau ʻole o nā chromosomes. Hoʻokumu pinepine ʻia ʻo Aneuploidy e ka hāʻule ʻana o ka mahele cell i ka wā meiosis.
Laʻana Nīnau 4: Polyploidy
Nīnau: He aha ka polyploidy? A he mea maʻamau anei ka polyploidy i nā kānaka?
Kūkākūkā:
ʻO ka Polyploidy kahi kūlana i loaʻa ai i kahi meaola he ʻoi aku ma mua o ʻelua mau seti o nā chromosomes. Ma keʻano laulā, ʻoi aku ka maʻamau o ka polyploidy i nā mea kanu. No ka laʻana, he nui nā ʻano mea kanu mahiʻai, e like me ka palaoa a me nā ʻōpena, he polyploid. I loko o nā kānaka a me ka hapa nui o nā holoholona ʻē aʻe, he mea make ka polyploidy a hopena i ka hāʻule ʻana ma mua a ma hope koke iho paha o ka hoʻoulu ʻana.
Laʻana Nīnau 5: Ka Nānā ʻana i ke Kiʻikuhi Karyotype
Nīnau: Pehea e hiki ai iā ʻoe ke hoʻohana i kahi karyotype e ʻike i nā ʻano ʻē i ka helu chromosome?
Kūkākūkā:
ʻO ka karyotype kahi hōʻike ʻike maka o nā chromosomes āpau i loko o kahi cell. Ma o ka nānā ʻana i ka karyotype, hiki iā mākou ke helu i ka helu o nā chromosomes a ʻike i ke alo o nā ʻano chromosomal e like me ka trisomy a i ʻole monosomy. No ka laʻana, i ke ʻano o ka trisomy 21, e hōʻike kahi nānā karyotype i ʻekolu kope o ka chromosome 21, ma kahi o nā kope ʻelua i loaʻa i kahi kanaka maʻamau.
ʻO ke karyotyping e hiki ai i nā kānaka ʻepekema a me nā kauka ke hana i nā hōʻoia mua o nā maʻi genetic i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā helu chromosome ʻē. He mea hana koʻikoʻi ia i ka noiʻi genetic a me ka hōʻoia lapaʻau.
Ka hopena
He mea koʻikoʻi ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka helu a me ka hana o nā chromosomes i ka biology, ʻoi aku hoʻi i ka genetics a me ke olakino. Hiki i nā ʻano ʻē i ka helu chromosome ke alakaʻi i nā ʻano kūlana genetic like ʻole e hoʻopilikia nui i nā kānaka. Ma o nā pilikia hoʻohālike a me nā kūkākūkā ma luna, hiki iā mākou ke hoʻoikaika i ko mākou ʻike i kēia manaʻo a me kāna noi ʻana i nā pōʻaiapili ākea. ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo hohonu ʻana i nā chromosomes e kōkua iā mākou e hoʻomaopopo hou aʻe e pili ana i ka genetics kanaka a me kona pilina me ke olakino a me nā maʻi genetic. Hāʻawi pū ia iā mākou i kahi ʻike hohonu o ke koʻikoʻi o ka biology cell a me ka evolution i ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā.
