Nā nīnau hoʻohālike e kūkākūkā ana i nā ʻano o nā Chromosomes
He mau ʻano paʻa nā chromosome i loaʻa i loko o ka nucleus o nā cell eukaryotic, kahi e mālama ai a hoʻonohonoho i ka DNA mea genetic. He kuleana koʻikoʻi ko nā chromosome i ka mahele ʻana o nā cell a me ka hoʻoili ʻana o nā ʻano mai kekahi hanauna a i kekahi. Ma kēia ʻatikala, e kūkākūkā mākou i nā ʻano o nā chromosome, me kekahi mau pilikia hoʻohālike a me nā kūkākūkā e hoʻoikaika i ko mākou ʻike i kēia kumuhana.
Nā ʻano o nā Chromosome
1. Nā Chromosome Autosomes a me Genosomes
– Nā Autosome: ʻO kēia nā chromosomes i komo ʻole i ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ke kāne. He 22 mau pālua o nā autosomes ko ke kanaka.
– Nā Chromosomes Genosome (Sex Chromosomes): Nā chromosomes e hoʻoholo ai i ke kāne o ke kanaka. I loko o ke kanaka, hoʻokahi pālua kēia mau chromosomes, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo XX no nā wahine a me XY no nā kāne.
2. Nā Chromosomes Homologous
– ʻO nā chromosomes homologous he mau hui o nā chromosomes i loko o ka chromosome hoʻokahi, nona ka moʻo like o nā genes a aia like, akā he ʻokoʻa paha nā ʻano allelic. I loko o ke kanaka, aia he 23 mau hui o nā chromosomes homologous.
3. Nā Chromosome i hoʻokumu ʻia ma ke kūlana o Centromere
– Metacentric: Nā chromosome nona kahi centromere ma waenakonu, no laila ua like ka lōʻihi o nā lima chromosome.
– Submetacentric: Nā chromosomes nona kahi centromere ma luna iki a ma lalo paha o ka waena, e hopena ana i nā lima i ʻokoʻa iki ka lōʻihi.
– Acrocentric: Nā chromosome me ke centromere kokoke i kekahi wēlau, no laila ʻoi aku ka pōkole o kekahi lima o ka chromosome.
– Telocentric: Nā chromosomes me nā centromeres ma nā wēlau, no laila ʻaneʻane hoʻokahi lima ko nā chromosomes āpau.
Kūkākūkā o nā nīnau hoʻohālike
Eia kekahi mau nīnau hoʻohālike e pili ana i nā ʻano chromosomes, me nā kūkākūkā ʻana.
Nīnau 1
Nīnau: E haʻi a wehewehe i nā ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā autosomes a me nā genosomes a hāʻawi i nā laʻana i loko o ke kanaka.
Kūkākūkā:
ʻO nā autosome he mau chromosome ʻaʻole ia e hana i kahi hana i ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ke kāne. I loko o ke kanaka, aia he 22 mau pālua o nā autosome. ʻO nā laʻana he chromosome 1, chromosome 2, a me chromosome 22.
Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻo nā genosomes, a i ʻole nā chromosomes sex, nā chromosomes e hoʻoholo ai i ke kāne o ke kanaka. Loaʻa i nā kānaka ʻelua ʻano genosomes: ka chromosome X a me ka chromosome Y. Inā he XX ka hui o nā genosomes, he wahine ke kanaka, ʻoiai inā he XY ka hui, he kāne ke kanaka.
Nīnau 2
Nīnau: E wehewehe i nā ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā chromosomes metacentric a me acrocentric, me kahi kiʻi maʻalahi.
Kūkākūkā:
Aia kahi centromere o nā chromosomes metacentric ma ke kikowaena, e hopena ana i ʻelua mau lima chromosome o ka lōʻihi like. Hiki ke hōʻike ʻia kahi laʻana penei:
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Metacentric: (O—O)
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ʻOi aku ka kokoke o ke kikowaena o nā chromosome acrocentric i kekahi wēlau, e ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o kekahi lima o ka chromosome ma mua o kekahi. ʻO kahi kiʻikuhi maʻalahi:
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ʻAcrocentric: (O—)
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Nīnau 3
Nīnau: He aha ke kuleana o nā chromosomes homologous i ke kaʻina hana o ka meiosis?
Kūkākūkā:
I ka meiosis, he kuleana koʻikoʻi ko nā hui chromosome homologous i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā ʻano maʻi. I ka wā o ka meiosis I, neʻe nā chromosome homologous i nā cell kaikamahine like ʻole, i loaʻa i kēlā me kēia cell kaikamahine hoʻokahi chromosome mai kēlā me kēia hui. He mea nui kēia kaʻina hana no ka mālama ʻana i kahi helu chromosome mau i nā meaola diploid a hiki i ka hui hou ʻana o nā ʻano ma o ke keʻa ʻana, e hopena ana i ka loli ʻana o nā ʻano maʻi.
Nīnau 4
Nīnau: He aha nā hopena o ka nondisjunction o nā chromosomes sex i ka wā meiosis? E hāʻawi i hoʻokahi laʻana.
Kūkākūkā:
ʻO ka nondisjunction o nā chromosomes sex i ka wā meiosis hiki ke hopena i kahi loli i ka helu o nā chromosomes i loko o nā gametes hopena, e hopena ana i ka aneuploidy i loko o nā keiki. ʻO kahi laʻana o kahi kūlana i loaʻa mai ka nondisjunction o nā chromosomes sex ʻo ia ka Turner syndrome, kahi i loaʻa ai i nā wahine hoʻokahi wale nō X chromosome (45, X). Hiki i nā kānaka me ka Turner syndrome ke loaʻa nā pilikia ulu a me ka ulu ʻana a me ka hānau ʻole.
Nīnau 5
Nīnau: No ke aha he mea nui e aʻo i ke ʻano o nā chromosome i loko o ka pōʻaiapili o nā maʻi genetic?
Kūkākūkā:
He mea nui ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke ʻano o ka chromosome i loko o ke ʻano o nā maʻi genetic no ka mea he nui nā maʻi genetic e pili ana me nā mutations a i ʻole nā loli i ke ʻano a i ʻole ka helu o nā chromosomes. No ka laʻana, ʻo Down syndrome, ka hopena mai ka trisomy o ka chromosome 21, a i ʻole kekahi mau maʻi kanesa e hopena mai nā translocations chromosomal. Ma ke aʻo ʻana i ke ʻano o ka chromosome, hiki i nā mea noiʻi a me nā kauka ke ʻike i kekahi mau kūlana genetic, hāʻawi i ka ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo genetic, a hoʻomohala i nā hoʻolālā lapaʻau a me ka pale ʻana.
Ka hopena
ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā ʻano o nā chromosome, kā lākou mau hana, a me nā ʻano he kumu nui ia i ka biology hou, ʻoiai hoʻi i ke aʻo ʻana i ka genetics a me ka mālama ʻana i nā maʻi. He kuleana koʻikoʻi ko nā chromosome i ka kaohi ʻana i ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā mea genetic mai ke kelepona a i ke kelepona a mai kekahi hanauna a i kekahi. Ma o kahi noiʻi hohonu a me ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā chromosome, hiki iā mākou ke hoʻomaopopo maikaʻi i nā kaʻina hana olaola paʻakikī a me ko lākou hopena i ke olakino kanaka. Hāʻawi nā nīnau ma luna i nā ʻike kumu e hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e ʻeli hohonu i nā ʻano o ka genetics a me kāna mau noi pono.
Manaʻo ʻia kēia ʻatikala e kōkua i ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i nā manaʻo kumu e pili ana i nā chromosomes i hiki i ka poʻe heluhelu ke hoʻomaopopo maikaʻi i ko lākou ʻano a me ka hana a me ko lākou hopena i ka biology a me ka lāʻau lapaʻau.
