Nā nīnau hoʻohālike no ke kūkākūkā ʻana i ka palekana o ke kino a me kona mau maʻi
He mea koʻikoʻi ka ʻōnaehana pale ma ka mālama ʻana i ke olakino kanaka. Hana kēia ʻōnaehana ma ke ʻano he pale o ke kino e kūʻē i nā maʻi, nā microorganisms haole, a me nā maʻi like ʻole. ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke ʻano o ka hana ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana pale a me kona mau maʻi e hiki ke kōkua i ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i kā mākou mau pale. Ma kēia ʻatikala, e kūkākūkā mākou i nā nīnau hoʻohālike like ʻole e pili ana i ka ʻōnaehana pale a me kona mau maʻi, me kā lākou wehewehe ʻana.
He aha ka Palekana Kino?
ʻO ka palekana ka hiki o kahi meaola ke hakakā i nā maʻi a me nā maʻi i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā pathogens e like me ka bacteria, nā virus, nā fungi, a me nā parasites. ʻElua ʻano nui o ka ʻōnaehana palekana: ka palekana kūlohelohe (ʻaʻole kikoʻī) a me ka palekana adaptive (kikoʻī).
– Palekana kūlohelohe: ʻO kēia ka laina pale mua a hoʻokomo pū i ka ʻili, nā membrane mucous, a me kekahi mau ʻano hunaola koko keʻokeʻo. Hana koke ka palekana kūlohelohe a ʻaʻole ia he kikoʻī i kekahi pathogen kikoʻī.
– Palekana Hoʻololi: Hoʻomohala ʻia kēia ma muli o ka hōʻike ʻana i kahi pathogen a he mea kūikawā ia i kēlā mea hoʻouka. Me ka hana ʻana o nā lymphocytes B a me T, hiki i kēia ʻōnaehana ke "hoʻomanaʻo" i ka pathogen e hāʻawi i kahi pane ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma hope o ka hoʻopili hou ʻana.
Nā Nīnau Laʻana a me ke Kūkākūkā
Nīnau 1: E wehewehe i ke kuleana o nā pūnaewele B a me nā pūnaewele T i loko o ka ʻōnaehana pale maʻi adaptive!
Kūkākūkā:
ʻO nā pūnaewele B a me nā pūnaewele T he mau ʻāpana koʻikoʻi o ka ʻōnaehana pale maʻi adaptive. ʻO nā pūnaewele B ke kuleana no ka hana ʻana i nā antibodies e hiki ke ʻike a hoʻopau i nā pathogens kikoʻī. Ke ʻike nā pūnaewele B i kahi antigen, hoʻāla ʻia lākou a hoʻololi i nā pūnaewele plasma, kahi e hana ai i nā nui o nā antibodies.
ʻOkoʻa ke kuleana o nā pūnaewele T. ʻElua ʻano nui o nā pūnaewele T: nā pūnaewele T kōkua a me nā pūnaewele T cytotoxic. Kōkua nā pūnaewele T kōkua i ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka hana o nā pūnaewele B a hoʻoikaika i ka pane pale kino, ʻoiai nā pūnaewele T cytotoxic e hoʻouka pololei a luku i nā pūnaewele i loaʻa i ka maʻi.
Nīnau 2: He aha ka manaʻo o ka autoimmunity a hāʻawi i kahi laʻana!
Kūkākūkā:
Hana ʻia ka autoimmunity ke hoʻouka ka ʻōnaehana pale i nā ʻāpana a me nā ʻiʻo ponoʻī o ke kino me he mea lā he mau pathogens haole lākou. Hiki i kēia maʻi ke alakaʻi i nā maʻi autoimmune like ʻole. ʻO kahi laʻana o kahi maʻi autoimmune ʻo Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), kahi e hoʻouka ai ka ʻōnaehana pale i nā ʻiʻo olakino, e hoʻoulu ai i ka mumū a me ka hōʻino ma nā ʻāpana like ʻole o ke kino, me ka ʻili, nā hono, a me nā ʻōpū o loko.
Nīnau 3: He aha ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka pale kino hana a me ka pale kino passive?
Kūkākūkā:
– ʻO ka pale ʻana i ka maʻi hana e pili ana i ka hōʻike ʻana i kahi antigen e hoʻoulu ai i kahi pane pale a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka hoʻomanaʻo pale. Hiki ke hana maoli kēia, ma o ka maʻi, a i ʻole hana ʻia, ma o ka lāʻau pale. ʻO ka pale ʻana i ka maʻi hana e lōʻihi ka lōʻihi.
– Loaʻa ka palekana hana ʻole ma o ka hoʻoili ʻana o nā antibodies mai kekahi kanaka i kekahi. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona e komo pū me nā antibodies i hoʻoili ʻia mai ka makuahine a i ka pēpē ma o ka waiū umauma. Hāʻawi ka palekana hana ʻole i ka palekana koke akā no ka manawa pōkole, ʻoiai ʻaʻole hoʻomohala ke kino i ka hoʻomanaʻo palekana.
Nīnau 4: He aha ka hana a nā antibodies i loko o ka ʻōnaehana pale?
Kūkākūkā:
ʻO nā antibodies, a i ʻole immunoglobulins, he mau protein i hana ʻia e nā cell B e ʻike a hoʻopaʻa i nā antigens kikoʻī. ʻO nā hana nui o nā antibodies:
1. Hoʻopau: Hiki i nā antibodies ke hoʻopau i nā pathogens ma ke ālai ʻana i nā ʻāpana o ka pathogen i hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻopili i nā hunaola kino.
2. Opsonization: Hōʻailona nā antibodies i nā pathogens no ka ʻai ʻia e nā phagocytes.
3. Hoʻāla ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana hoʻopihapiha: Hiki i nā antibodies ke hoʻoulu i ka ʻōnaehana hoʻopihapiha e kōkua ana i ka luku ʻana i nā pathogens.
4. Agglutination: Hoʻohui i nā pathogens i nā hui e hiki ke luku maʻalahi ʻia e nā phagocytes.
Nā maʻi o ka ʻōnaehana pale
Ma waho aʻe o ka autoimmune, aia kekahi mau maʻi ʻē aʻe o ka ʻōnaehana pale:
– Palekana ʻole: He kūlana kahi e emi ai ka hiki o ka ʻōnaehana pale ke kaua aku i nā maʻi a me ka maʻi. Hiki i ka palekana ʻole ke kumu mua (hoʻoulu ʻia e ka genetics) a i ʻole ka lua (i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā kumu o waho e like me ka HIV).
– Nā Allergies: He pane pale kino nui i nā antigens maʻamau ʻole, e like me ka pollen a i ʻole kekahi mau meaʻai. Kuhi hewa ka ʻōnaehana pale i kēia mau mea no nā hoʻoweliweli, e hana ana i kahi hopena allergies.
– Hyperreactivity: He pane palekana ikaika loa i kahi antigen, hiki ke hōʻino i nā ʻiʻo o ke kino.
Ke Koʻikoʻi o ka Hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka ʻŌnaehana Palekana
He mea nui ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana pale a me kona mau maʻi no ka mālama pono ʻana i ke olakino. ʻAe kēia i ka ʻike mua ʻana i nā maʻi autoimmune, nā maʻi allergies, a me nā kūlana immunodeficiency, hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ke ʻano o ke ola o ke kanaka. Me kēia ʻike, hiki i nā kānaka ke hana i nā hana e hoʻoikaika i ko lākou ʻōnaehana pale, me ka ʻai olakino, ka hoʻoikaika kino, ka hiamoe kūpono, a me nā lāʻau pale.
He mea nui nō hoʻi ka ʻike i nā maʻi pale kino e kākoʻo i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka noiʻi a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau hou no nā maʻi e pili ana i ka pale kino. He mea nui ka noiʻi hou aku ma kēia wahi no ka ʻike ʻana i nā ala hou e ʻike ai, pale aku, a mālama i nā maʻi pale kino.
Ka hopena
He mea koʻikoʻi ka ʻōnaehana pale ma ka mālama ʻana i ke olakino kanaka a me ke kaua ʻana i nā ʻano pathogens like ʻole. ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke ʻano o ka hana ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana pale, me ke kuleana o nā cell B a me T, a me ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā maʻi e like me ka autoimmunity, allergies, a me nā immunodeficiencies, e kōkua iā mākou e hoʻomākaukau maikaʻi no nā pilikia olakino. ʻO ka hoʻomau ʻana i ke aʻo ʻana a me ka hoʻokele kūpono o nā maʻi pale e hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka pono o ka lāʻau a me ke ʻano o ke ola. No laila, ʻo ka mālama ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana pale ma o kahi nohona olakino a me nā lāʻau pale he mea nui ia no ko mākou olakino.
