Nā nīnau hoʻohālike e kūkākūkā ana i nā hui hana ma ke ʻano he mau kikowaena hana i nā hui organik
ʻO kahi hui hana he hui kikoʻī o nā ʻātoma i loko o kahi mole e hoʻoholo ai i nā ʻano o kahi hopena kemika. I loko o ke kemika organik, hana nā hui hana ma ke ʻano he mau wahi hana, ʻo ia hoʻi, nā wahi e hana ʻia ai nā hopena kemika. E kūkākūkā kēia ʻatikala i nā hiʻohiʻona o nā pilikia e pili ana i nā hui hana ma ke ʻano he mau wahi hana i nā hui organik a hāʻawi i kahi ʻike hohonu pehea e hoʻopilikia ai nā hui hana i ka reactivity a me nā waiwai kemika o kēia mau hui.
Ke Hoʻomaopopo nei i nā Pūʻulu Hana
ʻO nā hui hana he mau hui kikoʻī o nā ʻātoma i loko o nā molekala e kuleana mau ana no kekahi mau ʻano o nā hopena kemika. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona maʻamau e komo pū me ka hydroxyl (-OH) i loko o nā alcohols, carbonyl (C=O) i loko o nā aldehydes a me nā ketones, carboxyl (-COOH) i loko o nā waikawa carboxylic, amino (-NH2) i loko o nā amines, a me nā halides (-X) e like me -Cl, -Br, a i ʻole -I i loko o nā haloalkanes.
Ke Kūlana o nā Pūʻulu Hana ma ke ʻano he mau Kikowaena Hana
I loko o ke ʻano o nā hopena kemika organik, hana nā hui hana ma ke ʻano he mau wahi pane nui loa i loko o nā molekala ma muli o ko lākou nui o ka electron a i ʻole nā kūlana ikehu kū hoʻokahi. Hoʻopili lākou i ka pane o nā molekala, e hoʻoholo ana i nā ʻano o nā hopena hiki a hiki ʻole paha ke hana.
Nā Nīnau Laʻana a me ke Kūkākūkā
E nānā kākou i kekahi mau laʻana o nā nīnau e pili ana i nā hui hana ma ke ʻano he mau kikowaena hana i loko o nā hui organik.
Nīnau 1
E hāʻawi i ka inoa a kuhikuhi i ka hui hana o kēia hui: CH3CH2OH.
Kūkākūkā:
ʻO ka hui CH3CH2OH ka ethanol. ʻO ka hui hana ma ʻaneʻi ʻo hydroxyl (-OH). Aia ka hui hydroxyl ma ka ʻātoma kalapona ʻelua i loko o ke kaulahao kalapona ʻelua, e hoʻolilo ana i ka ethanol i waiʻona mua.
Nīnau 2
E kuhikuhi i ke kikowaena hana i loko o ka hui aʻe: CH3COCH3.
Kūkākūkā:
ʻO ka hui CH3COCH3 he propanone, i ʻike ʻia hoʻi he acetone. ʻO ka hui hana i loko o kēia hui ʻo carbonyl (C=O). Hana ka hui carbonyl i kēia hui i ketone. Aia ke kahua hana ma ka ʻātoma kalapona carbonyl no ka mea huki ka oxygen i nā electrons mai ke kalapona, e hoʻolilo ana i ke kalapona i ʻoi aku ka electrophilic a hiki ke maʻalahi i ka hoʻouka nucleophilic.
Nīnau 3
E kākau i ka hopena ma waena o ka waikawa acetic (CH3COOH) a me ka ethanol (CH3CH2OH). E kuhikuhi i nā hui hana i komo a me nā huahana i hoʻokumu ʻia.
Kūkākūkā:
ʻO ka hopena ma waena o ka waikawa acetic a me ka ethanol he laʻana ia o ka hopena esterification, e hana ana i kahi ester a me ka wai.
Hiki ke kākau ʻia ka hopena penei:
\[ \text{CH}_3\text{COOH} + \text{CH}_3\text{CH}_2\text{OH} \rightarrow \text{CH}_3\text{COOCH}_2\text{CH}_3 + \text{H}_2\text{O} \]
ʻO nā hui hana i komo i kēia hopena ʻo carboxyl (-COOH) i loko o ka waikawa acetic a me hydroxyl (-OH) i loko o ka ethanol. ʻO nā huahana hopena he ethyl acetate (CH3COOCH2CH3) ma ke ʻano he ester a me ka wai (H2O).
Ka Hana Hou a me ka Catalysis
I loko o nā hopena kemika organik he nui, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā mea hoʻouluulu e hoʻonui i ka wikiwiki o ka hopena. No ka laʻana, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ka waikawa sulfuric (H2SO4) ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻouluulu i nā hopena esterification e hoʻolalelale i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā esters. Hoʻopili ka hui hana carboxyl i loko o ka waikawa acetic me ka hui hydroxyl i loko o ka ethanol i loko o kahi ʻano waikawa, e hana ana i kahi ester a me ka wai.
Nā nīnau hoʻohālike holomua
E nānā kākou i kekahi mau nīnau hou aʻe e hoʻoikaika i ko kākou ʻike pehea e hana ai nā hui hana ma ke ʻano he kikowaena hana i nā hopena kemika like ʻole.
Nīnau 4
E wehewehe i nā ʻokoʻa o nā hopena kemika e hiki ke hana i nā waiʻona mua, nā waiʻona lua, a me nā waiʻona tertiary me nā mea hoʻoheheʻe oxidizing e like me ka potassium permanganate (KMnO4).
Kūkākūkā:
ʻO ka hopena o nā waiʻona i nā mea hana oxidizing e like me KMnO4 e hilinaʻi nui ʻia i ke ʻano o ka waiʻona.
1. ʻAilakona Mua (RCH2OH): E hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka ʻailakona mua e KMnO4 i loko o ka waikawa carboxylic.
– Laʻana: E hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka Ethanol (CH3CH2OH) i ka waikawa acetic (CH3COOH).
2. ʻAilakona Lua (R2CHOH): E hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka ʻailakona lua i ketone.
– Laʻana: E hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ʻo Isopropanol (CH3CH(OH)CH3) i acetone (CH3COCH3).
3. Nā ʻAlkohol Tertiary (R3COH): ʻAʻole hoʻopau pinepine ʻia nā ʻalkohol Tertiary e KMnO4 ma muli o ka nele o ka hydrogen i hoʻopaʻa pololei ʻia i ke kalapona e pili ana me ka hui hydroxyl.
– Laʻana: ʻO ka Tert-butanol ((CH3)3COH) he kūpaʻa pinepine ia i ka oxidation e KMnO4.
Nīnau 5
E wehewehe i ke ʻano hana kemika no ka hoʻohui ʻana o HBr i ka propene (CH3CH=CH2). E inoa i ka huahana nui a kuhikuhi i nā hui hana i loaʻa i ka huahana hope loa.
Kūkākūkā:
ʻO ka hopena hoʻohui o HBr i ka propene he hopena hoʻohui electrophilic ia e hahai ana i ke kānāwai o Markovnikov, kahi e hoʻohui ai ka hydrogen mai HBr i ka ʻātoma kalapona nona ka nui o nā pilina hydrogen.
Ke ʻano hana:
1. Hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o ka carbocation:
\[ \text{CH}_3\text{CH=CH}_2 + \text{HBr} \rightarrow \text{CH}_3\text{CH}^+\text{CH}_3 + \text{Br}^- \]
2. Hoʻouka kaua nucleophilic e ka ion bromide:
\[ \text{CH}_3\text{CH}^+\text{CH}_3 + \text{Br}^- \rightarrow \text{CH}_3\text{CH}\text{BrCH}_3 \]
ʻO ka huahana nui ʻo 2-bromopropane (CH3CHBrCH3). ʻO nā hui hana i loaʻa i ka huahana hope loa he hui alkyl a me kahi hui halide (bromo-Br).
Ka hopena
He mau ʻāpana koʻikoʻi nā hui hana o ka kemika organik no ka mea e hoʻoholo ai lākou i ka reactivity a me nā waiwai kemika o nā hui. Me ka hoʻomaopopo pono ʻana i nā hui hana, hiki iā mākou ke wānana pehea e pane ai nā hui organik ma lalo o kekahi mau kūlana. Hōʻike ka kūkākūkā ʻana o nā pilikia ma luna pehea e hana ai nā hui hana ma ke ʻano he mau wahi hana i nā ʻano hana kemika like ʻole, mai ka oxidation a me ka hoʻemi ʻana a hiki i ka hoʻohui a me ka esterification. He mea nui kēia hoʻomaopopo i hoʻonui ʻia no nā noi hana like ʻole i ka kemika, biochemistry, a me ka ʻoihana lāʻau lapaʻau.
