Nā nīnau hoʻohālike a me ke kūkākūkā ʻana o Epistasis a me Hypostasis
Pono ke aʻo ʻana i ka genetics i kahi ʻike paʻa o nā pilina ma waena o nā genes a pehea e hoʻohuli ai kēia i ka phenotype o kahi meaola. ʻElua mau manaʻo koʻikoʻi a kūkākūkā pinepine ʻia i ka genetics ʻo epistasis a me hypostasis. E wehewehe kēia ʻatikala i kēia mau manaʻo ʻelua, e hāʻawi ana i nā laʻana a me nā kūkākūkā e hoʻonui i kou ʻike.
Ke Hoʻomaopopo nei i ka Epistasis
ʻO ka Epistasis kahi pilina ma waena o nā genes kahi e hiki ai i kekahi gene ke uhi a hoʻololi paha i ka hōʻike ʻana o kekahi gene ʻē aʻe. ʻO ke ʻano kēia, hiki i kahi gene epistatic ke hoʻohuli i ka phenotype i hana ʻia e kekahi gene ʻē aʻe. Hoʻolilo pinepine ka Epistasis i mea paʻakikī ke wānana i ka hopena o kahi keʻa no ka mea pili ia i nā pilina paʻakikī ma waena o nā genes.
ʻO nā ʻano maʻamau o ka epistasis:
1. Dominant Epistasis: Uhi kahi gene dominant i ka hōʻike ʻana o kekahi gene ʻē aʻe. Laʻana: Hoʻokahi gene dominant A e kāohi ana i ka hōʻike ʻana o ka gene B.
2. Epistasis Recessive: ʻElua mau alleles recessive ma kekahi locus e uhi ana i ka hōʻike ʻana o ka allele dominant ma kekahi locus.
Ke Hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka Hypostasis
ʻO Hypostasis kahi hanana kahi i hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻia ai kahi allele o kahi gene kikoʻī a i ʻole i kau ʻia i ka mana o kekahi gene epistatic ʻē aʻe. I nā huaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, ʻo kahi gene hypospathic kahi gene nona ka hōʻike ʻana i uhi ʻia a hoʻololi ʻia paha e kahi gene epistatic.
Nā Nīnau Laʻana a me ke Kūkākūkā
I kēia manawa, e nānā kākou i kahi pilikia hoʻohālike e pili ana i ka epistasis a me ka hypostasis e hoʻoikaika i ko kākou ʻike i kēia kumuhana.
Nīnau 1: Epistasis Recessive
ʻElua mau genes o kahi mea kanu e hoʻohuli i ke kala o kona pua. ʻO ka gene mua (gene A) e hoʻopuka i nā pua ʻulaʻula i ka wā homozygous dominant (AA) a i ʻole heterozygous (Aa), a me nā pua keʻokeʻo i ka wā homozygous recessive (aa). ʻO ka lua o ka gene (gene B) ke kuleana no ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka pigment a e hoʻopuka i nā pua kala ʻole (keʻokeʻo) i ka wā homozygous recessive (bb), me ka nānā ʻole i ka gene mua.
E hoʻoholo i ka lakio phenotype o kahi keʻa ma waena o ʻelua mau mea kanu me ka genotype AaBb.
Kūkākūkā:
I mea e wehewehe ai i kēia pilikia, pono kākou e hoʻomaopopo he gene recessive epistatic ka gene B no ka mea i ke kūlana homozygous recessive (bb), uhi ia i ka hōʻike ʻana o ka gene A.
Eia nā ʻanuʻu hoʻopau:
1. E hoʻoholo i nā gametes hiki: Hiki i nā mea kanu ʻelua (AaBb) ke hana i nā gametes AB, Ab, aB, a me ab.
2. Ka hoʻokumu ʻana a me ka nānā ʻana i nā huinaha Punnett: E helu i nā hui gamete āpau e hana ai i nā genotypes:
– AABB, AABb, AaBB, AaBb (Pua ʻUlaʻula, no ka mea, ʻaʻohe 'bb')
– AAbb, Aabb (Pua Keʻokeʻo, no ka mea, ua uhi ʻo 'bb' i ka hōʻike ʻana o ka gene A)
– aaBB, aaBb (Pua Keʻokeʻo, no ka mea, ʻo 'aa' me ka ʻole o 'bb' e hua mai ana keʻokeʻo)
– aabb (Pua Keʻokeʻo, i uhi ʻia ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua e 'aa' a me 'bb')
3. Laki Phenotype: Mai ka loiloi Punnett square, loaʻa iā mākou:
– 9 no ka lakio ʻulaʻula o ka hui pū ʻana o ka genotype e loaʻa ana nā alleles dominant A a me B.
– 7 no ka lakio keʻokeʻo o nā hui genotype ʻē aʻe.
No laila, ʻo ka lakio phenotype o kēia keʻa he 9 ʻulaʻula: 7 keʻokeʻo.
Nīnau 2: Epistasis Dominant
Manaʻo ʻia he ʻelua mau genes e hoʻohuli i ke ʻano o nā hua kulina. ʻO Gene C no ka poepoe a ʻo gene T no ka wrinklesness. ʻO Gene T kahi gene epistatic dominant e uhi ana i ka hōʻike ʻana o ka gene C. He aha ka hopena o kahi keʻa ma waena o CcTt x CcTt?
Kūkākūkā:
E like me ka nīnau ma mua, pono mākou e hoʻomaopopo he epistatic dominant ka gene T nāna e hoʻohuli i ka gene C.
1. E hoʻoholo i nā gametes hiki: Hiki i nā gametes mai ke keʻa CcTt ke lilo i CT, Ct, cT, a me ct.
2. Ke kūkulu ʻana i kahi huinahā Punnett: E hoʻopiha i ka huinahā Punnett e hana i nā genotypes hiki:
– CT-: Inā loaʻa iā 'T' ka genotype, e ʻāwili ʻia nā hua me ka nānā ʻole i ka allele C.
– ccT- : Loaʻa iā ia ke ʻano genotype 'T' no laila e mau ana ka mimino o nā hua.
– C-tt: Maanei hiki iā C ke hōʻike i ke ʻano poepoe ma muli o 'tt'.
– cctt: Hōʻike pū kēia i kahi ʻano poepoe no ka mea ʻaʻohe “T”.
3. Ke helu nei i ka lakio phenotype:
– 9 no nā wrinkles (nā hui pū ʻana me ka liʻiliʻi hoʻokahi 'T')
– 7 no ka puni (hui pū me ka ʻole o ka 'T' hana)
Mai ʻaneʻi, loaʻa iā mākou ka hopena o ke keʻa ma ke ʻano o 9 mau wrinkles: 7 puni.
Pani
He mau manaʻo koʻikoʻi ka epistasis a me ka hypostasis i ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka ʻike genetic. ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana pehea e hiki ai i kekahi gene ke uhi a hoʻololi paha i ka hōʻike ʻana o kekahi gene ʻē aʻe e kōkua iā mākou e wānana i nā hopena phenotypic o nā keʻa genetic like ʻole. Ma ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana a me ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pahu Punnett a me ka ʻike ʻana i nā ʻano o nā pilina gene epistatic, e like me nā mea i hōʻike ʻia ma luna, hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻoponopono maikaʻi i nā pilikia genetic like ʻole.
