Nā nīnau hoʻohālike e kūkākūkā ana i kekahi mau hui organik koʻikoʻi a me ko lākou mau pono
Pendahuluan
ʻO nā hui organik kahi ʻāpana koʻikoʻi o ke kemika o ke ola. Loaʻa pinepine i kēia mau hui ke kalapona i loko o ko lākou ʻano molekala a hoʻokani i nā kuleana koʻikoʻi i nā kaʻina hana olaola like ʻole. E kūkākūkā kēia ʻatikala i kekahi mau hui organik koʻikoʻi, me nā pilikia hoʻohālike a me nā kūkākūkā e hoʻomaopopo maikaʻi i ko lākou mau pono.
Nā Pūhui Organic Koʻikoʻi
1. Nā kalapona
Ka Wehewehena a me ka Hana
ʻO nā kalapona he mau hui organik i loaʻa ke kalapona, hydrogen, a me ka oxygen, ma ke ʻano maʻamau ma ka lakio 2:1. Hana lākou ma ke ʻano he kumu ikehu mua o ke kino. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o nā kalapona e komo pū me ka glucose, fructose, a me ka sucrose.
Laʻana pilikia
Nīnau:
E helu i ka nui o ka ATP i hana ʻia mai ka metabolism o hoʻokahi molekala glucose ma o ka hanu ʻana o ke kelepona piha.
Kūkākūkā:
ʻO ka hanu ʻana o ke kelepona:
Glycolysis: hana i 2 ATP.
– Ka Pōʻaiapuni Krebs (Pōʻaiapuni Waikawa Citric): hoʻopuka kēlā me kēia molekole glucose i 2 ATP ma o ʻelua mau pōʻaiapuni.
– Ke kaulahao halihali uila a me ka Phosphorylation Oxidative: hana ma kahi o 34 ATP.
ʻO ka huina o ka hana ʻana o ATP mai hoʻokahi molekole glucose:
2 (Glycolysis) + 2 (Krebs Cycle) + 34 (Electron Transport Chain) = 38 ATP.
Eia nō naʻe, no ka mea, ʻo ke kaʻina hana o ka lawe ʻana iā NADH mai ka cytoplasm a i ka mitochondria e pono ai ka ikehu, ʻo ka maʻamau, ma kahi o 36 ATP wale nō i hana ʻia mai hoʻokahi mole glucose.
2. Nā lipid
Ka Wehewehena a me ka Hana
ʻO nā lipids e komo pū me nā momona, nā aila, nā phospholipids, a me nā steroids. Hana lākou ma ke ʻano he waihona ikehu, nā ʻāpana hoʻonohonoho o nā membrane cell, a me nā hōʻailona hormonal.
Laʻana pilikia
Nīnau:
ʻEhia ka nui o ka ikehu i hoʻokuʻu ʻia mai ka oxidation o hoʻokahi mole o ka stearic acid (C18H36O2) i ka hanu ʻana o ke kelepona?
Kūkākūkā:
Hoʻopuka nā lipids i ka ikehu ʻoi aku ma mua o nā kalapona. No ka laʻana, ʻo ka oxidation o hoʻokahi molekala o ka waikawa stearic ma o ka β-oxidation a me ke kaʻina hana Krebs e hoʻopuka i ka nui o ATP:
– Hoʻopuka kēlā me kēia mole o ka waikawa stearic i 9 mau mole o ka acetyl-CoA.
Hoʻopuka kēlā me kēia acetyl-CoA i 10 ATP ma ke kaʻina hana Krebs.
ʻO ka huina ATP mai ka oxidation piha o ka stearic acid ma kahi o 120 ATP.
3. Pūmua
Ka Wehewehena a me ka Hana
Ua haku ʻia nā protein me nā waikawa amino e hana ana ma aneane nā kaʻina hana olaola āpau. Hana lākou ma ke ʻano he enzymes, hormones, a me nā ʻano cellular. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona e komo pū me ka enzyme amylase a me ka hormone insulin.
Laʻana pilikia
Nīnau:
E inoa a wehewehe i ke kuleana o nā enzymes i ka hoʻohuihui protein.
Kūkākūkā:
– RNA Polymerase: Hoʻohui kēia enzyme i ka mRNA mai kahi kumu hoʻohālike DNA i ka wā o ke kākau ʻana.
– Nā Ribosome: ʻO kēia mau hui protein-RNA nā wahi e unuhi ʻia ai ka mRNA i loko o nā kaulahao polypeptide.
– tRNA Synthetase: Hoʻoikaika kēia enzyme i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o nā waikawa amino i ka tRNA kūpono.
ʻO Peptidyl Transferase: ʻĀpana o ka ribosome e hoʻoulu ai i ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o nā pilina peptide ma waena o nā waikawa amino i ka wā o ka unuhi ʻana.
4. Nā Nucleotides
Ka Wehewehena a me ka Hana
ʻO nā nucleotides nā monomers e hana ana i nā waikawa nucleic (DNA a me RNA). He mea nui lākou no ka mālama ʻana a me ka hoʻouna ʻana i ka ʻike genetic a me ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka ikehu (e.g., ATP).
Laʻana pilikia
Nīnau:
E wehewehe i ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka DNA i loko o nā pūnaewele prokaryotic.
Kūkākūkā:
ʻO ke kope ʻana o ka DNA ke kaʻina hana o ka kope ʻana i ka DNA i ʻelua mau mole like.
1. Wehe ʻana (Wehe ʻana o ka Helix): Uhaki ka enzyme helicase i nā pilina hydrogen ma waena o nā nucleotides, e hoʻokaʻawale ana i nā kaula pālua o ka DNA.
2. Hana Hoʻomaka (Hana Hoʻomaka): Hana ʻia nā mea hoʻomaka RNA e ka primase.
3. Hana ʻana o ka DNA (Hana ʻana o ka DNA): Hoʻohui ka DNA polymerase i nā nucleotides hou i ka template DNA e like me kona hui kumu hoʻohui.
4. Ligation a me ka Proofreading: Hoʻohui ka enzyme ligase i nā ʻāpana Okazaki ma ke kaula lagging, a nānā a hoʻoponopono ka DNA polymerase i nā hewa.
5. Huaola
Ka Wehewehena a me ka Hana
He mau mea olaola nā wikamina e pono ai i nā liʻiliʻi akā he mea nui no ka hana maʻamau o ke kino. Hana lākou ma ke ʻano he coenzymes (e.g., nā wikamina B-complex), antioxidants (nā wikamina C a me E), a me nā mea hoʻoponopono metabolic (wikamina D).
Laʻana pilikia
Nīnau:
He aha ke kuleana o ka wikamina C i loko o ke kino o ke kanaka a he aha nā hopena o kona nele?
Kūkākūkā:
– Ke kuleana o ka Vitamin C: Hana ma ke ʻano he antioxidant, kōkua i ka hana ʻana o ka collagen, hoʻonui i ka omo ʻana o ka hao, a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka ʻōnaehana pale.
– Nā Hopena o ka hemahema: Hiki i ka hemahema o ka Vitamin C ke hana i ka scurvy, kahi i hōʻailona ʻia e ka luhi, ka ʻeha o nā ʻiʻo a me nā hono, ke kahe ʻana o ke koko o nā ʻāʻī, ka anemia, a me ka lohi o ka ho'ōla ʻana o nā ʻeha.
Ka hopena
ʻO nā hui organik e like me nā kalapona, lipids, protein, nucleotides, a me nā huaora he mau mea nui i nā kaʻina hana olaola like ʻole. ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka hana a me nā pono o kēlā me kēia hui he mea nui ia i ke olakino a me ka lāʻau lapaʻau. Hāʻawi nā pilikia hoʻohālike ma kēia ʻatikala i kahi ʻike hohonu o ke ʻano o ka hana ʻana o kēia mau hui a me ko lākou koʻikoʻi i ka mālama ʻana i ke ola o nā meaola.
Manaʻo ʻia kēia ʻatikala e kōkua i ka poʻe heluhelu e hoʻomaopopo i nā manaʻo kumu o nā hui organik koʻikoʻi like ʻole a me ko lākou mau pono, a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ko lākou hiki ke kālailai a hoʻoponopono i nā pilikia e pili ana i nā kahua o ka biochemistry a me ke ola.
