Nā nīnau hoʻohālike a me ke kūkākūkā ʻana o nā Alleles Hui Pū ʻia
Pendahuluan
ʻO nā alleles he nui kahi huaʻōlelo i hoʻohana ʻia i ka genetics e wehewehe i ke alo o nā alleles ʻelua ma kahi locus genetic hoʻokahi. He ʻokoʻa kēia mai ke ʻano hoʻoilina Mendelian maʻamau, kahi e noʻonoʻo ai i ʻelua mau alleles no kahi gene hoʻokahi: kahi allele dominant a me kahi allele recessive. Hāʻawi nā alleles he nui i ka ʻokoʻa genetic nui a loaʻa i nā ʻano meaola like ʻole. Ma kēia ʻatikala, e kūkākūkā mākou i kekahi mau laʻana e pili ana i nā alleles he nui a me kā lākou mau hopena.
Manaʻo Kumu o nā Alleles Multiple
ʻO nā alleles he nui he hui o nā alleles ʻelua a ʻoi aku e noho ana ma ka locus like ma kahi pālua o nā chromosomes homologous. ʻO ke alo o nā alleles he nui e ʻae ai i ka loli phenotypic nui aʻe i loko o kahi heluna kanaka. ʻO kahi laʻana maʻamau o ka hoʻoilina allelic he nui ʻo ia ke ʻano koko kanaka (ʻōnaehana ABO), kahi i loaʻa ai ʻekolu mau alleles: \(I^A\), \(I^B\), a me \(i\).
Laʻana Nīnau 1: Nā Hui Koko ʻŌnaehana ABO
Nīnau:
Ua mare kekahi kāne me ke ʻano koko A i kahi wahine me ke ʻano koko B. Loaʻa iā lāua kahi keiki me ke ʻano koko O. E hoʻoholo i nā genotypes hiki o nā mākua.
Kūkākūkā:
Hiki i ke ʻano koko A ke loaʻa ka genotype \(I^AI^A\) a i ʻole \(I^Ai\), ʻoiai hiki i ke ʻano koko B ke loaʻa ka genotype \(I^BI^B\) a i ʻole \(I^Bi\). Hiki i ke ʻano koko O ke loaʻa wale nō ka genotype \(ii\). No ka mea, he ʻano koko O ko ke keiki, pono nā mākua ʻelua e hāʻawi i ka allele \(i\).
– He kāne me ke ʻano koko A me ka genotype \(I^Ai\).
– He wahine me ke ʻano koko B me ka genotype \(I^Bi\).
Inā hana mākou i kahi papa hoʻohālikelike genetic (punnett square), hiki iā mākou ke ʻike i nā hopena o kā lākou keʻa penei:
| | \(I^A\) | \(i\) |
|————-|————|——–|
| \(I^B\) | \(I^AI^B\) | \(I^Bi\) |
| \(i\) | \(I^Ai\) | \(ii\) |
Nā ʻano like ʻole o ke keiki:
– \(I^AI^B\) : ʻAno koko AB
– \(I^Bi\) : ʻAno koko B
– \(I^Ai\) : ʻAno koko A
– \(ii\) : ʻAno koko O
He genotype \(ii\) ko ke keiki me ke ʻano koko O, hiki ke kū mai, no laila hiki ke hoʻoholo ʻia ʻo nā genotypes hiki o nā mākua ʻelua ʻo \(I^Ai\) a me \(I^Bi\).
Laʻana Nīnau 2: Waihoʻoluʻu Huluhulu i nā Lāpaki
Nīnau:
I loko o nā lāpaki, hoʻoholo ʻia ke kala o ka huluhulu e kahi hui o nā alleles he nui ma ke kauoha dominance \(C > c^c > c^h > c\). ʻO nā kala o ka huluhulu hiki ke hiki:
– \(CC, Cc^c, Cc^h, Cc\): Lauoho ʻeleʻele
– \(c^cc^c, c^cc^h, c^cc\): Sepia-tone
– \(c^hc^h, c^hc\): Huluhulu Himalayan
– \(cc\): Huluhulu ʻAlbino
Inā pili ʻia ʻelua lāpaki sepia, e hoʻoholo i ka lakio phenotype o kā lāua keiki.
Kūkākūkā:
Hiki i kahi lāpaki me ka hulu sepia ke loaʻa ka genotype \(c^cc^c\), \(c^cc^h\), a i ʻole \(c^cc\). No ka maʻalahi, e manaʻo kākou he genotype \(c^cc^c\ nā lāpaki ʻelua.
ʻO ke keʻa ma waena o nā lāpaki me ka genotype \(c^cc^c\) penei:
| | \(c^c\) | \(c\) |
|————-|————|——–|
| \(c^c\) | \(c^cc^c\) | \(c^cc\) |
| \(c\) | \(c^cc\) | \(cc\) |
Ka lakio genotypic a me phenotypic:
– \(c^cc^c\): Huluhulu Sepia
– \(2c^cc\): Huluhulu Himalayan
– \(cc\): Huluhulu ʻAlbino
ʻO ka lakio phenotype o kā lāua mau keiki he 1 sepia: 2 himalayan: 1 albino.
Laʻana Nīnau 3: Nā Maʻi Kanaka
Nīnau:
I loko o kekahi kūlana hoʻoilina, aia ʻehā mau alleles, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo \(A_1\), \(A_2\), \(A_3\), a me \(a\) me ke kauoha dominance \(A_1 > A_2 > A_3 > a\). Inā loaʻa i kekahi kanaka nā genotypes \(A_1a\) a me \(A_3A_3\), e hoʻoholo i ka phenotype o kēlā me kēia kanaka.
Kūkākūkā:
– He kanaka me ka genotype \(A_1a\): ʻOiai ʻo \(A_1\) ka mea nui ma luna o nā alleles ʻē aʻe a pau, e hōʻike kēia kanaka i ka phenotype e pili ana me ka allele \(A_1\).
– Kanaka me ka genotype \(A_3A_3\): ʻOiai ʻo ka allele \(A_3\) he dominant i ka allele \(a\) akā recessive iā \(A_1\) a me \(A_2\), e hoʻokumu ʻia ka phenotype ma ka hōʻike ʻana o ka allele \(A_3\).
Ka hopena
Hōʻike ke kūkākūkā ʻana o nā nīnau ma kēia ʻatikala he ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka hoʻoilina o nā ʻano me nā alleles he nui ma mua o ka hoʻoilina Mendelian maʻamau. Hāʻawi nā alleles he nui ma kahi locus hoʻokahi i ka manawa kūpono no ka loli phenotypic ākea. Ma ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke kumumanaʻo o nā alleles he nui, hiki iā mākou ke hoʻoholo maʻalahi i nā hopena genetic i loko o kahi heluna kanaka. He mea nui ia ʻano loiloi i ke aʻo ʻana i nā genetics a me kāna mau noi i ka lāʻau lapaʻau, ka hoʻoulu ʻana, a me ka biology evolutionary.
