13 mau laʻana o nā nalu mīkini
1. ʻOkoʻa pae o nā nalu transverse
E nānā i ke kiʻi nalu sinusoidal ma lalo nei !
Inā he 80 kenimika ka lōʻihi o ka nalu o ka sinusoid ma luna, a laila ʻo ke kiko nona ka ʻokoʻa pae o ¾ ʻo ia…
A. P me Q
ʻO B. P me R
ʻO C. P me S
D. Q me S
E. R me S
Pahana
PQ = 3/4 nalu
PR = 1 1/2 = 1,5 mau nalu
PS = 2 mau nalu
QS = 1 1/4 = 1,25 mau nalu
RS = 1/2 nalu
ʻO A ka pane pololei.
2. Nā paipu ʻōkana hāmama a pani ʻia
Ua hoʻolako ʻia ʻelua mau paipu ʻokana, hoʻokahi hāmama a ʻo kekahi pani ʻia, ua like ka lōʻihi o kēlā me kēia. Inā he 340 m/s ka wikiwiki o ke kani i ka lewa, a laila ʻo ka lakio o nā alapine leo ʻoi aku o nā paipu ʻokana hāmama ʻelua i nā alapine leo ʻoi aku o nā paipu ʻokana pani ʻelua…
Pahana
Ua ʻike ʻia:
Ua like ka lōʻihi o kahi paipu ʻokana hāmama a pani ʻia.
Ka wikiwiki o ke kani i ka lewa (v) = 340 m/s
Ua nīnau ʻia:
Pane: Hoʻohālikelike ʻia ke alapine (frequency) f o ka lua o ka overtone (f 3 ) o kahi paipu ʻokana hāmama a pani ʻia
Paipu ʻokana hāmama
ʻO ka paipu ʻokana hāmama a i ʻole ka paipu hāmama he paipu ia i hāmama nā wēlau ʻelua e like me ke kiʻi ma ka ʻaoʻao.
ʻO ke kiʻi ma ka ʻākau he pakuhi o nā nalu kani i loko o kahi paipu ʻokana hāmama, kahi e hōʻike ai nā node i ka nui o ka ea a hōʻike nā antinode i ka haunaele o ka ea.
Ke kani kumu (f 1 ) = v / 2L = 340/2L = 170/L
Leo ʻelua (f 3 ) = 3 f 1 = 3 (170/L) = 510/L
Paipu ʻokana pani ʻia
ʻO ka paipu ʻokana pani ʻia, a i ʻole ka paipu pani ʻia, he paipu ia me kekahi wēlau e hāmama ana a ʻo kekahi e pani ʻia ana, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke kiʻi ma lalo nei. Inā pani ʻia nā wēlau ʻelua o ka paipu, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka paipu.
ʻO ke kiʻi ma ka ʻākau he pakuhi o nā nalu kani i loko o kahi paipu ʻokana pani ʻia, kahi e hōʻike ai nā node i ka nui o ka ea a hōʻike nā antinode i ka haunaele o ka ea.
Ke kani kumu (f 1 ) = v / 4L = 340/4L = 85/L
Leo ʻelua (f 3 ) = 3 f 1 = 3 (85/L) = 255/L
Hoʻohālikelike ʻana o ke alapine leo ʻelua f (f 3 ) o nā paipu ʻokana hāmama a pani ʻia
510/L : 255/L
510: 255
2: 1
ʻO kahi kumu nalu kani me ka mana o 12,56 W e hoʻopuka ana i nā nalu i loko o ka medium a puni me ke ʻano like. ʻO ka ikaika paepae o ke kani he 10 -12 Wm -2 . ʻO ka nui o ka ikaika radiation o ka nalu ma kahi mamao o 10 mika mai ke kumu he...
Pahana
Ua ʻike ʻia:
Mana = 12,56 Watts
Ka ikaika o ke kani (I o ) = 10 -12 Wm -2
Ka mamao (r) = 10 mika
Nīnau ʻia: Pae ikaika (TI)
Pane:
ʻO ke ʻano hana no ka pilina ma waena o ka mana (P), ka ikaika (I) a me ka mamao (r):
Pae ikaika (TI):
4. Ka ikaika o ke kani
Hoʻopuka kahi ʻōnaehana leo hoʻolele leo i 36 π watts o ka mana acoustic a me ka pae ikaika o 80 dB ke lohe ʻia ma kahi mamao x mai ka leo hoʻolele leo. (I o = 10 -12 watt.m -2 ). ʻO ka waiwai pololei o x ʻo…
A. 100 m
B. 160 m
C. 175 m
D. 225 m
E. 300 m
Pahana
Ua ʻike ʻia:
Mana (P) = 36 π Watt
Pae ikaika (TI) = 80 dB
Ka mamao = x
Ka palena lohe kanaka (I o ) = 10 -12 W att.m -2
Nīnau ʻia: Ka waiwai o x
Pane:
ʻO ke ʻano hana no ka pilina ma waena o ka mana (P), ka ikaika (I) a me ka mamao (x):
E helu mua i ka ikaika o ke kani ma ka mamao x:
Ka ikaika o ke kani:
E helu i ka waiwai o x:
ʻO ka pane pololei ʻo E.
5. Nalu Huakaʻi
Nīnau Hoʻokolohua Lahui SMA/MA Physics 2015/2016 Helu 24
ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike nalu huakaʻi i hōʻike ʻia ma ka International System of Units (SI) ʻo y = 0,2 sin (0,2 πx-20πt)
Mai nā ʻōlelo aʻe:
(1) Ka wikiwiki o ka laha ʻana o ka nalu 100 ms -1
(2) Ma x = 0 a me t = 0 ka ʻokoʻa nalu = 0
(3) Alapine (frequency) o ka nalu 20 Hz
(4) Ka nui o ka nalu 2 kenimika
ʻO wai ka mea pololei?
A. (1) a me (2)
B. (1) a me (3)
C. (1) a me (4)
D. (2) a me (4)
E. (2) a me (3)
Pahana
ʻEkolu ʻano o nā hoʻohālikelike nalu:
y = He sin (ωt – kx) ——> 1
ω = 2π / T a me k = 2π / λ
y = He hewa (2π/T) t – (2π/λ) x
y = A sin 2π (t/T – x/λ) ——-> 2
y = He hewa 2π (ft – x/λ) ——-> 2
ʻO T = 1/f a me λ = v / f
y = A sin 2π (ft – f(x/v))
y = A sin 2πf (t – x/v) ——-> 3
ʻO ke kaulike nalu huakaʻi ma ka nīnau ma luna ua like ia me ke ʻano 2:
y = 0,2 sin (0,2 πx-20πt)
y = 0,2 sin π (0,2 x-20t)
y = 0,2 sin 2 π (0,1 x-10t)
y = 0,2 sin 2 π (x/10 -10t)
y = A sin 2π (ft – x/λ)
A = amplitude = 0,2 mika = 0,2 (100 kenimika) = 20 kenimika
f = alapine (frequency) = 10 s -1 = 10 Hertz
λ = ka nalu = 10 mika
v = ka wikiwiki o ka laha ʻana o ka nalu = f λ = (10 s -1 )(10 m) = 100 ms -1
ʻO A ka pane pololei.
6. Ka hopena Doppler
Ke neʻe nei kahi kaʻa kaʻa ma ka wikiwiki o 72 km/ h me ke kani ʻana i kāna siren me ka alapine (frequency) o 1500 Hz. Ke neʻe nei kahi mea holo mokokaikala ma ka wikiwiki o 20 m/ s ma ke ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe o ka kaʻa kaʻa. Inā he 340 m/ s ka wikiwiki o ke kani i ka lewa , a laila ʻo ka lakio o nā alapine (frequency) i lohe ʻia e ka mea holo mokokaikala i ka wā e hoʻokokoke mai ai a e neʻe aku ana mai ka kaʻa kaʻa mai…
A. 25 : 36
B. 36 : 49
K. 64 : 81
D. 81 : 64
E. 100 : 61
Pahana
Nā lula hōʻailona:
maikaʻi mau ʻo v
He maikaʻi ʻo v p inā hoʻokokoke ka mea hoʻolohe i ke kumu kani
He maikaʻi ʻole ʻo v p inā neʻe aku ka mea hoʻolohe mai ke kumu leo aku
He maikaʻi ʻo v s inā e kū pono ana ke kumu leo mai ka mea hoʻolohe aku
He maikaʻi ʻole ʻo v s inā e hoʻokokoke ana ke kumu leo i ka mea hoʻolohe
v p = 0 inā noho mālie ka mea hoʻolohe
v s = 0 inā ʻaʻohe leo o ke kumu leo
Ua ʻike ʻia:
Alapine (frequency) o ke kumu leo (f) = 1500 Hz
Ka wikiwiki o ka mea hoʻolohe (v p ) = 20 m/s
Ka wikiwiki o ke kumu kani (vs ) = 72 km/hola = 72 (1000 mika) / 3600 kekona = 72.000/3600 mika/kekona = 20 m/s
Ka wikiwiki o ke kani (v) = 340 m/s
Nīnau: Hoʻohālikelike o nā alapine (frequency) i lohe ʻia e nā mea holo mokokaikala i ka wā e hoʻokokoke aku ai a e neʻe aku ana mai kahi ambulance
Pane:
ʻO ke ʻano hana Doppler:
ʻO ke alapine (frequency) i lohe ʻia e ka mea holo mokokaikala i ka wā e hoʻokokoke aku ai i kahi ambulance
Aia nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe i hiki ai i ka wā e hoʻokokoke aku ai ka mokokaikala i ka ambulance, ke hoʻokokoke aku nei lāua kekahi i kekahi. He maikaʻi ʻo v p inā e hoʻokokoke aku ana ka mea hoʻolohe i ke kumu kani a he maikaʻi ʻole ʻo v s inā e hoʻokokoke aku ana ke kumu kani i ka mea hoʻolohe.
ʻO ke alapine (frequency) i lohe ʻia e nā mea holo mokokaikala i ka wā e neʻe aku ai mai kahi ambulance
Aia nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe i hiki ai i ka wā e neʻe aku ai ka mokokaikala mai ke kaʻa kaʻa, neʻe aku lāua kekahi i kekahi. He maikaʻi ʻole ʻo v p inā neʻe aku ka mea hoʻolohe mai ke kumu kani a he maikaʻi ʻo v s inā neʻe aku ke kumu kani mai ka mea hoʻolohe.
Hoʻohālikelike ʻia o nā alapine (frequency) i lohe ʻia e ka poʻe holo mokokaikala i ka wā e hoʻokokoke aku ai a me ka neʻe ʻana aku mai kahi kaʻa kaʻa.
ʻO D ka pane pololei.
Ka ikaika o ke kani
7. E nānā i ke kiʻi ma lalo nei!
Inā he kumu leo ka kiko P e hoʻolaha ana i nā ʻaoʻao a pau, a laila ʻo ka lakio o ka ikaika o ke kani ma nā kiko S, R, a me Q he...
A. 16 : 25 : 100
B. 16 : 50 : 200
C. 32 : 50 : 100
D. 36 : 25 : 100
E. 72: 25: 200
Pahana
Ua ʻike ʻia:
ʻO ka mamao o ke kiko Q mai ke kumu kani (rQ) = 3 mika
Ka mamao o ke kiko R mai ke kumu kani (r R ) = 6 mika
Ka mamao o ke kiko S mai ke kumu kani (r S ) = 5 mika
Ka ikaika o ke kani ma ke kiko Q = I Q
Ka ikaika o ke kani ma ke kiko R = I R
Ka ikaika o ke kani ma ke kiko S = I S
Nīnau: Hoʻohālikelike ʻana o ka ikaika o ke kani ma nā wahi S, R, a me Q ( I S : I R : I Q )
Pane:
Ka ikaika o ke kani ma ke kiko S:
Ka ikaika o ke kani ma ke kiko R:
Ka ikaika o ke kani ma ke kiko S:
Hoʻohālikelike ʻana o ka ikaika o ke kani ma nā wahi S, R, a me Q:
ʻO D ka pane pololei.
8. Hohola like nā nalu kani mai ko lākou kumu ma nā ʻaoʻao a pau. Aia ka kiko A ma kahi mamao P mai ke kumu kani, aia ka kiko B ma kahi mamao o 2P mai ke kumu kani, a aia ka kiko C ma kahi mamao o 4P mai ke kumu kani. ʻO ka lakio o nā ikaika kani i loaʻa iā A, B, a me C he…
A. 16 : 4 : 1
B. 4 : 2 : 1
C. 4 : 1 : 16
D. 1 : 2 : 4
E. 1: 4: 16
Pahana
Ua ʻike ʻia:
Ka mamao o ke kiko A mai ke kumu kani (r A ) = P
Ka mamao o ke kiko B mai ke kumu kani (r B ) = 2P
Ka mamao o ke kiko C mai ke kumu kani (r C ) = 4P
Ka ikaika o ke kani ma ke kiko A = I A
Ka ikaika o ke kani ma ke kiko B = I B
Ka ikaika o ke kani ma ke kiko C = IC
Nīnau: Hoʻohālikelike ʻana o ka ikaika o ke kani ma nā wahi A, B, a me C ( IA : IB : IC )
Pane:
Ka ikaika o ke kani ma ke kiko A:
Ka ikaika o ke kani ma ke kiko B:
Ka ikaika o ke kani ma ke kiko C:
Hoʻohālikelike ʻana o ka ikaika o ke kani ma nā wahi A, B, a me C:
ʻO A ka pane pololei.
9. Ka hopena Doppler
Ke hōʻike nei ke kiʻi ma lalo nei i kahi kaʻa mākaʻi e alualu ana i kahi lawehala kaʻa:
ʻO kahi kaʻa mākaʻi, e kani ana i kāna siren me ka alapine (frequency) o 9.30 Hz, e alualu ana i ka mokokaikala o kahi lawehala e holo ana ma ka wikiwiki o 72 km/h -1 . Hoʻolalelale ke kaʻa mākaʻi i 108 km/h -1 e hopu i ka lawehala. Inā ʻo ka wikiwiki o ke kani i ka lewa he 340 m/s -1 , a laila ʻo ke alapine (frequency) o ke kani siren i lohe ʻia e ka lawehala ma luna o ka mokokaikala he...
A. 850 Hz
B. 900 Hz
C. 960 Hz
D. 1.020 Hz
E. 1.200 Hz
Pahana
Nā lula hōʻailona:
maikaʻi mau ʻo v
He maikaʻi ʻo v p inā hoʻokokoke ka mea hoʻolohe i ke kumu kani
He maikaʻi ʻole ʻo v p inā neʻe aku ka mea hoʻolohe mai ke kumu leo aku
He maikaʻi ʻo v s inā e kū pono ana ke kumu leo mai ka mea hoʻolohe aku
He maikaʻi ʻole ʻo v s inā e hoʻokokoke ana ke kumu leo i ka mea hoʻolohe
v p = 0 inā noho mālie ka mea hoʻolohe
v s = 0 inā ʻaʻohe leo o ke kumu leo
Ua ʻike ʻia:
Alapine (frequency) o ke kumu leo (f) = 9 30 Hz
Ka wikiwiki o ka mea hoʻolohe (v p ) = 72 km/h -1 = 72 (1000 mika) / 3600 (kekona) = 72.000/3600 mika/kekona = 20 m/s = -20 ms -1 (maikaʻi ʻole no ka mea ke neʻe aku nei ka lawehala mai nā mākaʻi)
Ka wikiwiki o ke kumu kani (vs ) = 108 km/h -1 = 108 (1000 mika) / 3600 (kekona) = 108.000/3600 mika/kekona = 30 m/s = -30 ms -1 (maikaʻi ʻole no ka mea ke hoʻokokoke aku nei nā mākaʻi i ka lawehala)
Ka wikiwiki o ke kani (v) = 340 ms -1
Makemake ʻia: Alapine (frequency) o ke kani i lohe ʻia e ka mea hoʻolohe (f')
Pane:
ʻO ke ʻano hana Doppler:
ʻO C ka pane pololei.
Pae Ikaika o ke Kani
10. I loko o kahi hale, e aʻo ana he 100 mau haumāna e hīmeni. Inā ʻo ka pae ikaika o ke kani o kekahi haumāna i ke mele ʻana he 40 dB (manaʻo like no kēlā me kēia keiki), a laila ʻo ka ikaika o ke kani i hana ʻia ma ka hale he… (I o = 10 -12 Wm -2 )
A. 10 -4 Wm -2
B. 10 -5 Wm -2
C. 10 -6 Wm -2
D. 10 -7 Wm -2
E. 10 -8 Wm -2
Pahana
Ua ʻike ʻia:
Ka pae ikaika o hoʻokahi haumāna (T I ) = 40 dB
Ka ikaika o ka paepae lohe kanaka (I o ) = 10 -12 W/ m2
Helu o nā haumāna (x) = 100
Nīnau ʻia: Ka ikaika o ke kani o 100 mau haumāna
Pane:
Ka ikaika o ke kani o 1 haumāna:
Ka ikaika o ke kani o 100 haumāna:
ʻO wau x = (x)(ʻO wau)
ʻO wau x = (100)(10 -8 ) = (10 2 )(10 -8 )
ʻO I x = 10 -6 W/ m2
ʻO C ka pane pololei.
11. ʻO ka ikaika o ke kani o 100 mau mīkini like he 10 -7 Watt.m -2 . Inā ʻo I = 10 -12 Watt.m -2 , a laila ʻo ka pae ikaika o ke kani o kahi mīkini….
A. 70 dB
B. 60 dB
C. 50 dB
D. 40 dB
E. 30 dB
Pahana
Ua ʻike ʻia:
Ka ikaika o ke kani o 100 mau mīkini (I x ) = 10 -7 Watt.m -2
Ka ikaika o ka paepae lohe kanaka (I o ) = 10 -12 W/ m2
Helu o nā mīkini (x) = 100 = 10 2
Nīnau ʻia: Ka pae ikaika o ke kani o kahi mīkini (TI)
Pane:
Ka ikaika o ke kani o 1 mīkini:
ʻO wau x = (x)(ʻO wau)
10 -7 = (10 2 )( I )
ʻO I = 10 -7 / 10 2 = (10 -7 )(10 -2 ) = 10 -9
Pae ikaika o ke kani o kahi mīkini (TI):
ʻO ka pane pololei ʻo E.
12. Penei nā ʻano laulā o nā nalu:
(1) ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻolaha i loko o kahi hakahaka
(2) hoʻolaha pololei i nā pāpāho like ʻole
(3) ke ʻike nei i ka noʻonoʻo ʻana
(4) ke ʻike nei i ka diffraction
(5) ke ʻike nei i ke keakea
Mai nā ʻano nalu ma luna, ʻo ka mea e kūlike ana i nā ʻano o nā nalu māmā ʻo ia...
A. (1) a me (2) wale nō
B. (3) a me (4) wale nō
C. (2), (3), a me (4)
D. (3), (4), a me (5)
E. (1), (3), (4), a me (5)
Pahana
(1) ʻO nā nalu māmā he mau nalu electromagnetic ʻaʻole pono i kahi mea hoʻolaha. No ka mea ʻaʻole lākou e pono i kahi mea hoʻolaha, hiki i nā nalu electromagnetic ke hoʻolaha i loko o kahi hakahaka.
(2) Ke komo nā nalu māmā e pālahalaha ana i loko o kahi waena i kahi waena hou, ʻike pū nā nalu māmā i ka refraction. ʻO ka refraction o ke kukui ke kūlou ʻana o ke kuhikuhi o ka laha ʻana o nā nalu māmā. Hana ʻia ka refraction ma muli o ka ʻokoʻa o ka wikiwiki o nā nalu māmā i kēlā me kēia waena like ʻole.
(3) Ma waho aʻe o ka ʻike ʻana i ka refraction, ʻike pū nā nalu māmā i ka reflection. ʻO ka reflection o ke kukui e kahi aniani pālahalaha kekahi laʻana o ka hanana o ka reflection kukui. ʻO ka reflection o ke kukui e kahi aniani pālahalaha e hiki ai ke hoʻohana ʻia nā aniani pālahalaha ma ke ʻano he mau mea hana hoʻonaninani.
(4) ʻAʻole ʻike wale ʻia ka diffraction e nā nalu electromagnetic e like me nā nalu māmā, akā ʻike ʻia hoʻi e nā nalu mechanical e like me nā nalu wai a me nā nalu kani.
(5) Ma waho aʻe o ka ʻike ʻia e nā nalu electromagnetic e like me nā nalu māmā, ʻike ʻia hoʻi ka hoʻopilikia ʻana e nā nalu mechanical e like me nā nalu wai, nā nalu kaula a i ʻole nā nalu kani.
ʻO D ka pane pololei.
13. E hoʻolohe i nā ʻano nalu ma lalo nei!
(1) ke ʻike nei i ka diffraction
(2) ke ʻike nei i ka noʻonoʻo ʻana
(3) ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻolaha i loko o kahi hakahaka
(4) hiki ke ʻike i ka polarization
(5) neʻe pololei i ka wā e hele ana ma waena o ʻelua mau kikowaena like ʻole
Mai nā ʻano nalu ma luna, ʻo nā mea e kūlike ana i nā ʻano o nā nalu kani...
A. (1), (2) a me (3)
B. (1), (2) a me (4)
C. (1), (3) a me (4)
D. (2), (3) a me (4)
E. (3), (4) a me (5)
Pahana
(1) ʻAʻole ʻike wale ʻia ka diffraction e nā nalu electromagnetic e like me nā nalu māmā, akā ʻike ʻia hoʻi e nā nalu mechanical e like me nā nalu kani.
(2) ʻIke ʻia ka hoʻohuli ʻana a i ʻole ka lele ʻana e nā nalu electromagnetic e like me nā nalu māmā a me nā nalu mechanical e like me nā nalu kani a i ʻole nā nalu wai. ʻO kahi laʻana o ka hanana o ka hoʻohuli ʻana o nā nalu kani he echo.
(3) He mau nalu mechanical nā nalu kani. He mau nalu mechanical nā nalu e pono ai kahi mea hoʻolaha i mea e hoʻolaha ai. Inā ʻaʻohe mea hoʻolaha, e like me ka vacuum, a laila ʻaʻole hiki i nā nalu kani ke hoʻolaha.
(4) ʻIke ʻia ka polarization e nā nalu transverse e like me nā nalu kaula, nā nalu ʻili wai a me nā nalu electromagnetic e like me nā nalu māmā. He mau nalu longitudinal nā nalu kani a no laila ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻike i ka polarization.
(5) Ke hoʻolaha ʻia mai kekahi waena a i kekahi waena ʻē aʻe, ʻike nā nalu kani i ka refraction a i ʻole kahi loli i ke kuhikuhi o ka hoʻolaha ʻana. Hana ʻia ka refraction ke hoʻomaka ka nalu e komo i kahi waena ʻē aʻe.
ʻO A ka pane pololei.
Puna nīnau:
Nā Nīnau Hoʻokolohua Lahui no ke Kino no ke Kula Kiʻekiʻe/Kula Kiʻekiʻe ʻOihana
