ʻO Biomedicine a me kona pilina me Microbiology
ʻO Biomedicine kahi kahua ʻepekema e aʻo ana i nā ʻano olaola o ke olakino a me nā maʻi me ka pahuhopu o ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā ʻano kumu o ke kino kanaka a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻano hana ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka pale ʻana, ka ʻike ʻana, a me ka hoʻōla ʻana. Hoʻohui ʻo Biomedicine i nā ʻano aʻo he nui, e like me ka biology molecular, genetics, biochemistry, physiology, immunology, pharmacology, a me bioinformatics. I kēia manawa, ʻo ka microbiology ka ʻepekema e aʻo ana i nā microorganisms—bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, a me nā microbes ʻē aʻe—ʻo kekahi o ia mau mea he pathogenic (e hoʻoulu ai i ka maʻi), aʻo nā mea ʻē aʻe he commensals a i ʻole he pono i nā kānaka. Pili loa ka pilina ma waena o ka biomedicine a me ka microbiology no ka mea he nui nā pilikia olakino e paʻa ana i ka pilina ma waena o ke kino kanaka, ke kaiapuni, a me nā microorganisms.
Ke kuleana o nā microorganisms i ke olakino kanaka
Mai kahi kuanaʻike biomedical hou, ʻaʻole i manaʻo ʻia nā kānaka he mau meaola hoʻokahi, akā, he "kaiaolaola" i noho ʻia e nā trillions o nā microbes, ʻo ia hoʻi ma ka ʻōpū, ka ʻili, ke ala hanu, a me ka waha. ʻO nā manaʻo o ka microbiota a me ka microbiome e lawelawe ma ke ʻano he alahaka koʻikoʻi ma waena o ka biomedicine a me ka microbiology. ʻO ka Microbiota e pili ana i ke kaiāulu o nā microbes e noho ana i kahi kaiapuni i hāʻawi ʻia, ʻoiai ʻo ka microbiome e hoʻopuni ana i nā microbes, kā lākou mea genetic, a me kā lākou pilina me ke kaiapuni.
Ua hōʻike ʻia ka noiʻi biomedical e hiki i ka microbiota ke hoʻohuli i ka ʻai ʻana, ka metabolism, ka hana ʻana o kekahi mau huaora (e like me ka huaora K a me kekahi mau huaora B), a hoʻololi i ka ʻōnaehana pale. Ua pili ka hemahema o ka microbiota (dysbiosis) i nā kūlana e like me ka maʻi ʻōpū mumū, ka momona, ka maʻi diabetes type 2, nā maʻi allergies, a me nā maʻi neuropsychiatric ma o kahi ʻano i ʻike ʻia ʻo ka axis gut-brain. ʻO kēia kahi e hāʻawi ai ka microbiology i ke kumu no ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā ʻano i mana nui, pehea lākou e ola ai, a pehea lākou e launa pū ai me kekahi a me nā cell kanaka.
ʻO ka Microbiology ma ke ʻano he kumu o nā maʻi lele i ka biomedicine
ʻO kekahi o nā hāʻawi koʻikoʻi o ka microbiology i ka biomedicine ʻo ia nā maʻi lele. ʻO ka ʻike ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana i nā maʻi lele e pono ai ka hoʻomaopopo piha ʻana i nā ʻano o nā microorganism kumu, e like me kā lākou ʻano o ka hoʻoili ʻana, nā mea virulence, nā hoʻolālā pale ʻana i ka pale ʻana, a me nā ʻike lāʻau. Hoʻohana nā loea biomedical i kēia ʻike e hoʻolālā i nā hana komo - mai nā antibiotics a me nā antivirals a hiki i nā lāʻau pale a me nā therapies e pili ana i ka antibody.
No ka laʻana, i nā maʻi bacteria, hana nā microbiologists lapaʻau i nā moʻomeheu, nā Gram stains, nā hoʻāʻo biochemical, a i ʻole nā ʻano hana hou e like me PCR e hoʻoholo ai i ka pathogen. I kēia manawa, unuhi ka biomedicine i kēia mau hopena i nā koho lapaʻau kūpono a me nā hoʻolālā lapaʻau. I nā maʻi viral, hilinaʻi pinepine nā ʻano hana i ka ʻike ʻana i nā mea genetic a i ʻole nā antigens viral no ka mea he paʻakikī ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā virus he nui i nā hoʻonohonoho maʻamau. ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka ʻikepili microbiological me ka ʻikepili lapaʻau maʻi ke kikowaena i ka hana biomedical i hoʻokumu ʻia i nā hōʻike.
ʻO ka Immunology: ke kikowaena o ka hui ʻana o ka biomedicine a me ka microbiology
ʻO ka ʻōnaehana pale kino ke kahua kahi e hana ʻia ai nā pilina ikaika ma waena o ke kanaka a me nā microbes. Kōkua ka Microbiology i ka wehewehe ʻana pehea e komo ai nā pathogens i nā pale o ke kino, ʻoiai ʻo biomedicine e aʻo ana i nā pane pale kino kūlohelohe a me nā adaptive e hana ʻia. Maanei kahi e puka mai ai ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā lāʻau pale, nā immunotherapy, a me nā diagnostics e pili ana i ka antibody.
ʻO nā lāʻau pale ka laʻana maopopo loa o kēia pilina. ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana i kahi lāʻau pale kūpono e pono ai ka ʻike microbiological o ke ʻano o ka antigen, ka loli o ke ʻano, a me nā ʻano hana maʻi. ʻO Biomedicine, ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, loiloi pehea e hoʻoulu ai kēia mau antigens i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā antibodies, nā cell T hoʻomanaʻo, a me ka lōʻihi o ka pale ʻana. ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka ʻenehana lāʻau pale hou—e like me nā lāʻau pale mRNA—hōʻike pū i ka pilina pili ma waena o ka biology molecular (kahi kahua o biomedicine) a me ka virology (kahi lālā o ka microbiology).
ʻO ke kū'ē antimicrobial a me nā pilikia biomedical
He pilikia olakino honua ka pale ʻana i nā microorganism (AMR). Ma ke ʻano microbiological, hiki ke kū mai ke pale ʻana ma o nā hoʻololi genetic a i ʻole ka hoʻoili ʻana o nā genes pale ma waena o nā bacteria (no ka laʻana, ma o nā plasmids). Hiki i nā microorganism ke hana i nā enzymes e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka antibiotic, hoʻololi i nā pahuhopu lāʻau, a hōʻemi paha i ke komo ʻana o ka lāʻau i loko o nā cell.
He kuleana ko Biomedicine i ka pane ʻana i kēia pilikia ma o kekahi mau ala: ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā antibiotics hou, nā hoʻolālā hui pū ʻana, nā ʻano mālama antibiotic no ka hoʻohana pono ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau, a me nā hana hou diagnostic wikiwiki e hoʻopau i ka pono no ka kuhi. Me ka ʻole o ka microbiology ikaika, he paʻakikī ke hoʻoholo i nā ʻano kūʻē i nā haukapila a me nā kaiāulu, a me ka ʻole o ka biomedicine, ʻaʻole e unuhi ʻia kēia ʻike i nā protocols lapaʻau kūpono a me nā kulekele olakino.
ʻO ka ʻenehana biotechnology, ka ʻenekinia genetic, a me ka microbiology i hoʻopili ʻia
I loko o ka biomedicine, hoʻohana ʻia nā microorganisms ma ke ʻano he "hale hana olaola." Hiki ke hana ʻia nā bacteria a me ka hū e hana i nā protein therapeutic e like me ka insulin, nā hormones ulu, a i ʻole nā enzymes kikoʻī. ʻO ka ʻenehana DNA Recombinant, ke kumu o nā huahana biomedical he nui, ua holomua wikiwiki mahalo i ka ʻike o nā microbiologists i nā plasmids, nā enzymes restriction, a me nā ʻano hana hōʻike gene.
Eia kekahi, he kuleana ko ka microbiology i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā vectors no ka gene therapy a me nā kahua hana lāʻau pale. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, he nui nā ʻano hana i ka maʻi kanesa a me ka maʻi genetic e hoʻohana ana i nā virus i hoʻololi ʻia e lawe palekana i nā mea genetic i nā cell target. Hōʻike kēia ʻaʻole i manaʻo mau ʻia nā microbes he mau ʻenemi akā he mau mea hana biomedical ikaika.
Nā hōʻailona hou: mai ka moʻomeheu a i ka genomics
Ke hoʻokele nei nā holomua biomedical i nā diagnostics microbiological wikiwiki a ʻoi aku ka pololei. ʻO nā ʻano hana kuʻuna e like me ka moʻomeheu microbial e mau ana ka mea nui, akā ua hoʻokō ʻia lākou e nā ʻano hana molekala e like me PCR, real-time PCR, sequencing, a me metagenomics. ʻAe ʻo Metagenomics i ka ʻike ʻana i nā microorganisms pololei mai nā laʻana maʻi me ka ʻole o ka pono e ulu iā lākou i loko o ka hale hana, e lilo ia i mea pono loa i nā maʻi paʻakikī ke ʻike.
Ma ke ʻano biomedical, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka ʻikepili genomic pathogen no ka noiʻi ʻana i ka maʻi ahulau, ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ke kumu o ka maʻi, a me ka nānā ʻana i ka ulu ʻana o ka pathogen. I kekahi mau maʻi, e like me ka maʻi puʻupuʻu, hiki i ka ʻike genetic ke wānana i ke kūʻē ʻana i ka lāʻau, e ʻae ana i ka hoʻoponopono wikiwiki ʻana i ka lāʻau.
ʻO ka microbiology kaiapuni a me kona hopena i ke olakino
Hoʻonui pū ka pilina ma waena o ka biomedicine a me ka microbiology i ke olakino lehulehu. Ke aʻo nei ka microbiology kaiapuni i nā microbes i loko o ka wai, ka lepo, ka ea, a me ka meaʻai. Hiki i ka haumia microbial ke hoʻoulu i nā maʻi i lawe ʻia e ka meaʻai a i ʻole ka wai. Hoʻohana nā kānaka ʻepekema biomedical i kēia mau ʻike e hoʻolālā i nā hana hoʻomaʻemaʻe, hoʻokumu i nā kūlana palekana meaʻai, a nānā i ka maikaʻi o ka wai.
ʻO nā maʻi ahulau i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā bacteria a i ʻole nā virus kikoʻī, no ka laʻana, ua pili pinepine ʻia i nā kumu kaiapuni—ka mālama wai maikaʻi ʻole, ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe meaʻai, a i ʻole ka nui o ka poʻe. No laila, hāʻawi ka microbiology i ka ʻikepili kumu, ʻoiai ʻo ka biomedicine a me ke olakino lehulehu e hoʻokō i nā hana pale i ana ʻia, e pili ana i ka pilikia.
ʻO ka wā e hiki mai ana: ka lāʻau lapaʻau pololei a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau e pili ana i ka microbiome
I ka wā e hiki mai ana, manaʻo ʻia e hoʻoikaika ʻia ka pilina ma waena o ka biomedicine a me ka microbiology ma o ke kumumanaʻo o ka lāʻau lapaʻau pololei. Ma waho aʻe o ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ka genetics kanaka, ua hoʻopili ʻia ke olakino o ke kanaka e ka haku mele ʻana o ka microbiome. Ke ulu nei ka noiʻi ma nā probiotics, prebiotics, postbiotics, a me ka fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) no nā kūlana kikoʻī. Eia nō naʻe, pono ke akahele i kēia ʻano hana no ka mea he paʻakikī loa ka ʻōnaehana microbial a hiki ke ʻokoʻa nā hopena mai ke kanaka a ke kanaka.
ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau e pili ana i ka microbiome e pono ai nā kūlana ʻepekema koʻikoʻi: ka ʻike pololei ʻana i nā ʻano, ka nui o ka lāʻau, ka palekana lōʻihi, a me ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā ʻano hana. ʻO kēia kahi e pono ai ka biomedicine a me ka microbiology e hana pū ai—ʻo ka microbiology e palapala a hoʻopaʻa i nā microbes, a me ka biomedicine e hoʻāʻo i ko lākou hopena i loko o ke kanaka ma o ka noiʻi unuhi a me nā hoʻokolohua lapaʻau.
Ka hopena
ʻElua mau kahua hoʻohui ʻo Biomedicine a me ka microbiology. Hāʻawi ka Microbiology i kahi ʻike o ke ao o nā microorganism—ma ke ʻano he kumu o nā maʻi a ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana o ka ʻōnaehana ola o ke kino a ma ke ʻano he mea hana no ka biotechnology. Hoʻololi ʻo Biomedicine i kēia ʻike i nā hana no ka hōʻoia ʻana, ka lāʻau lapaʻau, ka pale ʻana, a me ke kulekele olakino. Ke kū nei i nā pilikia e like me nā maʻi lele e kū mai ana, ke kūʻē ʻana i nā antimicrobial, a me ka paʻakikī o ka microbiome, ʻo ka laulima ma waena o ka biomedicine a me ka microbiology ke kī i ka hana ʻana i nā hopena olakino ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi, palekana, a me ka hoʻomau.
Inā makemake ʻoe, hiki iaʻu ke hoʻololi i kēia ʻatikala i kāu mau pono haʻawina (e.g., hoʻohui i nā ʻōlelo kuhikuhi, kahi papa inoa puke, a i ʻole e hana i kahi mana hoʻonaʻauao me nā mokuna liʻiliʻi a me nā kuhikuhi puke pai).
