ʻŌnaehana halihali i nā invertebrates
ʻO ka ʻōnaehana halihali he ʻano hana i hoʻohana ʻia e nā meaola ola e hoʻoneʻe i nā mea pono—e like me ka oxygen, ke kalapona ʻokikene, nā meaʻai, nā hormones, a me nā ʻōpala metabolic—mai kekahi ʻāpana o ke kino a i kekahi. I loko o nā invertebrates (nā holoholona me ka ʻole o nā iwi kuamoʻo), ʻokoʻa loa nā ʻōnaehana halihali, mai nā ʻōnaehana maʻalahi loa me ka ʻole o nā kino kūikawā a hiki i nā ʻōnaehana kaapuni paʻakikī me ka puʻuwai a me nā kīʻaha koko. Hoʻopili nui ʻia kēia mau ʻokoʻa e ka nui o ke kino, ka pae hana, ka nohona, a me ka paʻakikī o nā kino a me nā ʻiʻo.
1. Nā loina kumu o ka halihali ʻana i nā invertebrates
I nā holoholona liʻiliʻi a lahilahi paha, hiki ke hana ʻia ka lawe ʻana ma o ka diffusion a me ka osmosis wale nō. ʻO ka diffusion ka neʻe ʻana o nā molekala mai ke kiʻekiʻe a i ka haʻahaʻa, ʻoiai ʻo ka osmosis ka neʻe ʻana o ka wai ma o kahi membrane semipermeable. No ka mea, ua kokoke nā cell a ua nui ka ʻili o ke kino i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka nui o ke kino, hiki ke hana ʻia ka hoʻololi kinoea a me ka solute me ka ʻole o ka pono no kahi ʻōnaehana hoʻopuni koko.
Eia nō naʻe, i ka piʻi ʻana o ka nui o ke kino a me ka mānoanoa o nā ʻiʻo, ʻaʻole lawa ka hoʻolaha wale nō. ʻO ia ke kumu he nui nā invertebrates i loaʻa nā ʻōnaehana kahe koko, hāmama a pani ʻia paha, e wikiwiki ai ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā mea a me ka wehe ʻana i nā ʻōpala metabolic.
2. Nā mea ʻole i loko o ka ʻōpū me ka ʻōnaehana hoʻopōʻaiapuni kūikawā ʻole
a. Porifera (nā huʻa)
ʻAʻohe ʻiʻo maoli o nā huʻa, ʻaʻole hoʻi e haʻi i nā ʻōkana lawe. Hana ʻia ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā mea ma o ke kahe ʻana o ka wai ma o ko lākou kino. Komo ka wai ma o nā pores liʻiliʻi (ostia), neʻe i loko o kahi lua i loko, a laila puka i waho ma o ka osculum. Kōkua nā pūnaewele kūikawā e like me nā choanocytes i ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana i ka wai a hopu i nā ʻāpana meaʻai. Hoʻolaha ka oxygen mai ka wai i loko o nā pūnaewele, ʻoiai e hoʻolaha ana ke kalapona dioxide a me nā ʻōpala metabolic.
b. Cnidaria (jellyfish, hydra, anemone kai)
He lua gastrovascular ko nā Cnidarians e lawelawe ana i kahi hana pālua: ma ke ʻano he wahi hoʻoheheʻe a me ke ʻano o ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā meaʻai. No ka mea he ʻelua wale nō papa ʻiʻo mua (diploblastic), he pōkole ka mamao o ka hoʻolaha ʻana. I loko o ka jellyfish, kōkua ka neʻe ʻana o ke kino a me ke kahe ʻana o ka wai i loko o ka lua i ka hāʻawi like ʻana i nā meaʻai.
c. Nā Platyhelminthes (nā ilo pālahalaha)
Hilinaʻi pū nā ilo pālahalaha i ka hoʻolaha ʻana a he lua gastrovascular lālā ko lākou, e ʻae ana i nā meaʻai e hiki i nā wahi hou aʻe o ke kino. ʻAʻohe o lākou ʻōnaehana kaapuni a hanu kūikawā paha. ʻO ko lākou ʻano kino pālahalaha he mea koʻikoʻi ia no ka hoʻololi pono ʻana o nā mea ma ka ʻili o ke kino.
3. Nā ʻōnaehana halihali e pili ana i ka wai o ke kino: pseudocoelom a me coelom
I kekahi mau invertebrates, he kuleana ko ke kahe i loko o ke kino i ka halihali ʻana.
a. Nā Nematode (nā ilo poepoe)
Loaʻa i nā Nematodes kahi pseudocoelom (lua kino wahaheʻe) i piha i ka wai. Kōkua kēia wai i ka hoʻolaha ʻana i nā meaʻai a me nā ʻōpala metabolic, ʻoiai ʻaʻohe o nā kīʻaha koko maoli. Ma waho aʻe o kāna hana lawe, kōkua pū ka pseudocoelom i ka mālama ʻana i ke kaomi o ke kino (iwi hydrostatic) no ka neʻe ʻana.
b. ʻAnnelida (nā ilo puni) - kahi hoʻolauna i nā ʻōnaehana paʻakikī
He coelom maoli ko nā Annelid a he ʻōnaehana kino i hoʻomohala ʻia. Ma kēia hui, hilinaʻi ka halihali ʻaʻole wale i ka wai coelomic akā i kahi ʻōnaehana hoʻopuni koko i hoʻonohonoho pono ʻia (e kūkākūkā hou ʻia ma ka ʻāpana ʻōnaehana pani).
4. ʻŌnaehana hoʻopōʻaiapuni hāmama
Loaʻa kahi ʻōnaehana kahe koko hāmama i loko o nā invertebrates he nui, ʻoiai nā arthropods (nā pepeke, nā nananana, a me nā ʻōpae) a me ka hapa nui o nā mollusks (koe naʻe nā cephalopods e like me ka heʻe a me ka heʻe). I loko o kahi ʻōnaehana hāmama, ʻaʻole i loko o nā kīʻaha koko kahi wai i kapa ʻia ʻo hemolymph. Hoʻokomo ka puʻuwai i ka hemolymph i loko o ke ana o ke kino (hemocoel), kahi e ʻauʻau pololei ai i nā ʻōpū ma mua o ka hoʻi ʻana i ka puʻuwai ma o nā puka (ostia).
Nā ʻano nui o nā ʻōnaehana hāmama:
1. Haʻahaʻa ke kaomi a me ke kahe lohi i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā ʻōnaehana pani.
2. Kūpono no nā holoholona me ka hana kaulike, me nā koi oxygen ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi.
3. ʻAʻole paʻakikī ke ʻano o nā kīʻaha koko e like me kahi ʻōnaehana pani ʻia no laila ua haʻahaʻa ke "kumukūʻai olaola" o ko lākou hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana.
Nā hiʻohiʻona i loko o nā arthropods:
I loko o nā pepeke, ʻoiai he ʻōnaehana hāmama ko lākou, ʻaʻole hilinaʻi nui ka lawe ʻana o ka oxygen ma ka hemolymph. Hoʻohana nā pepeke i kahi ʻōnaehana tracheal, kahi pūnaewele o nā paipu e lawe pololei ana i ka ea i nā ʻiʻo. No laila, ʻo ka hemolymph ka mea nui e lawe i nā meaʻai, nā hormones, a me nā ʻōpala metabolic, ma mua o ka oxygen.
I loko o nā crustaceans (e.g., shrimp), he kuleana nui ko ka hemolymph i ka lawe ʻana i ka oxygen no ka mea hanu lākou ma o nā ʻōpū. Loaʻa pinepine nā pigments hanu e like me ka hemocyanin (loaʻa ke keleawe) a hāʻawi i ka hemolymph i kahi kala polū ke waiwai i ka oxygen.
Nā laʻana i loko o nā molluscs:
ʻO ka hapa nui o nā mollusks, e like me nā nahesa a me nā ʻūpā, he ʻōnaehana hāmama ko lākou. Hoʻopuka ka puʻuwai i ka hemolymph i loko o nā kīʻaha koko pōkole a me nā sinuses, a laila hoʻi i ka puʻuwai. Ua lawa kēia ʻōnaehana no nā nohona neʻe lohi, e like me ke kolo ʻana a i ʻole ka neʻe ʻana o ka noho.
5. ʻŌnaehana hoʻopuni pani ʻia
Loaʻa nā ʻōnaehana kaapuni pani i loko o nā annelids (e.g., earthworms) a me nā cephalopods (squid a me heʻe). I loko o kahi ʻōnaehana pani, kahe mau ke koko i loko o nā kīʻaha koko, e ʻae ana i ka hoʻolaha wikiwiki a me ka pololei o nā mea.
a. ʻAnelida (nā ilo honua)
Loaʻa i nā ilo honua nā kīʻaha koko dorsal a me ventral i hoʻopili ʻia e kahi kīʻaha apo i kēlā me kēia ʻāpana. ʻO nā ʻano like me ka puʻuwai i kapa ʻia ʻo aortic arches e hoʻoulu i ke koko. Lawe ke koko i ka oxygen a me ke kalapona dioxide, ʻoiai ʻaʻohe māmā o nā ilo honua; hana ʻia ka hoʻololi kinoea ma o ka ʻili pulu. ʻO nā pono o kahi ʻōnaehana pani i loko o nā annelids e komo pū me ka hiki ke kākoʻo i nā kino nui a me nā hana ʻeli e hoʻonui ana i ka ikehu.
b. Nā Cephalopods (heʻe a me ka heʻe)
He mau invertebrate nā Cephalopod me ka ʻōnaehana hoʻopololei koko holomua loa. ʻEkolu ko lākou mau puʻuwai: ʻelua mau puʻuwai lālā (kokoke i nā ʻūhā) e pamu ana i ke koko i nā ʻūhā, a hoʻokahi puʻuwai ʻōnaehana e pamu ana i ke koko ma ke kino holoʻokoʻa. He ʻeleu loa nā Cephalopod, e ʻau wikiwiki ana a e hahai holoholona ana, e pono ai ka lako oxygen kiʻekiʻe. Me kahi ʻōnaehana pani ma lalo o ke kaomi kiʻekiʻe, he kūpono loa ka lawe ʻana o ka oxygen a me nā meaʻai.
6. Nā pigments hanu a me kā lākou kuleana i ka lawe ʻana
ʻAʻole i loaʻa i nā invertebrates āpau nā pigment hanu, akā i nā hui he nui he mea nui kēia mau pigment no ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hiki o ke koko a i ʻole ka hemolymph ke hoʻopaʻa i ka oxygen.
– Hemoglobin: mea maʻamau i kekahi mau annelids a me kekahi mau mollusks; loaʻa ka hao a ʻulaʻula ke oxygen ʻia.
– Hemocyanin: loaʻa nui i nā arthropods a me nā mollusks; loaʻa ke keleawe a ʻike ʻia he uliuli ke oxygenated.
– Hemerythrin (ʻaʻole maʻamau): loaʻa i loko o kekahi mau invertebrates kai, me kahi waihoʻoluʻu ʻulaʻula poni.
ʻAe nā pigments hanu i nā holoholona e noho i nā kūlana oxygen haʻahaʻa, e ʻoi aku ka hana, a i ʻole e loaʻa ka nui o ke kino.
7. Pilina me ka ʻōnaehana hoʻokuʻu
ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka halihali mai ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i nā ʻōpala metabolic. He nui nā invertebrates he mau ʻāpana hoʻokuʻu like ʻole:
– ʻO ka Protonephridia i loko o nā ilo pālahalaha,
– ʻO Metanephridia i loko o nā annelids,
– Nā ʻōpū Malpighian i loko o nā pepeke,
– Nā puʻupaʻa maʻalahi i loko o nā molluscs.
Kōkua ka ʻōnaehana halihali i ka lawe ʻana i nā ʻōpala metabolic i nā ʻōkana excretory, ʻoiai ʻo nā huahana excretory e hoʻokuʻu hope ʻia ma o ka ʻili o ke kino a i ʻole nā kahawai kūikawā.
8. Manaʻo
Hōʻike nā ʻōnaehana halihali invertebrate i kahi ākea o nā hoʻololi. ʻO nā holoholona maʻalahi e like me nā ʻūpā, nā cnidarians, a me nā ilo pālahalaha e hilinaʻi nei i ka diffusion a me nā lua gastrovascular ma muli o ko lākou kino liʻiliʻi a lahilahi paha. Hoʻohana nā Nematodes i ka wai pseudocoelomic e kōkua i ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā mea. Ua hoʻomohala nā hui paʻakikī i nā ʻōnaehana circulatory: ʻo nā ʻōnaehana hāmama o nā arthropods a me ka hapa nui o nā mollusks e kūpono i nā holoholona me ka hana kaulike, ʻoiai ʻo nā ʻōnaehana pani o nā annelids a me nā cephalopods e ʻae i ke kahe koko wikiwiki a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi e kākoʻo i ko lākou nui kino nui a me nā pae hana kiʻekiʻe. Hōʻike kēia ʻano like ʻole pehea i hoʻohālikelike ai ka evolution i nā ʻano halihali e kūpono i nā pono physiological a me nā wahi o kēlā me kēia invertebrate.
