Ka Hopena o ka Haumia ma ka Photosynthesis Mea kanu
ʻO ka photosynthesis kahi hana nui e hiki ai i nā mea kanu ke hana i ka meaʻai (glucose) mai ke kalapona ʻokikene (CO₂) a me ka wai (H₂O) me ke kōkua o ka lā. ʻAʻole wale kēia kaʻina hana e hoʻoholo i ka ulu ʻana o nā mea kanu a me ka huahana akā mālama pū i ke kaulike o ka ʻōnaehana ola ma ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka oxygen. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka haumia o ka ea mai nā hana ʻoihana, ka halihali, ka puhi ʻana i nā ʻōpala, a me nā ahi ululāʻau ua lilo i mea hoʻoweliweli maoli i ka photosynthesis. Hiki i kekahi mau mea haumia ke kāohi i ka omo ʻana o ka mālamalama, hōʻino i ke ʻano o ka lau, hoʻopilikia i nā stomata, a hoʻopilikia pū i nā hopena kemika i loko o nā chloroplasts. Kūkākūkā kēia ʻatikala pehea e hoʻopilikia ai ka haumia i ka photosynthesis o nā mea kanu , nā ʻano hana i pili, a me kona hopena i nā ʻōnaehana ola a me ka mahiʻai.
ʻO ka photosynthesis a me nā mea e hoʻohuli iā ia
I ka ʻōlelo maʻalahi, hana ʻia ka photosynthesis ma nā ʻano hopena ʻelua: nā hopena māmā (e hilinaʻi ana i ka mālamalama) a me ke kaʻina hana Calvin (e hoʻohana ana i ka CO₂ e hana i nā hui organik). Hoʻopili ʻia ka wikiwiki o ka photosynthesis e kekahi mau kumu koʻikoʻi, e like me ka ikaika o ka mālamalama, ka mahana, ka loaʻa ʻana o ka wai, ka nui o ka CO₂, a me ke kūlana physiological o nā lau. Hiki i ka haumia ke hoʻopilikia i hoʻokahi a ʻoi aku paha o kēia mau mea i ka manawa like. No ka laʻana, hiki i nā ʻāpana lepo ke hōʻemi i ka nui o ka mālamalama i loaʻa i nā lau, ʻoiai hiki i nā kinoea ʻawahia e like me ka ozone (O₃) a me ka sulfur dioxide (SO₂) ke hōʻino i nā ʻiʻo lau a hōʻemi i ka pono o ka chlorophyll.
ʻO ke ʻano o ka haumia e hoʻopilikia nui ai i ka photosynthesis
Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka haumia e hoʻopilikia ai i ka photosynthesis i ka haumia ea kinoea, ka haumia particulate, a me nā mea haumia lua i hoʻokumu ʻia mai nā hopena kemika i ka lewa.
1. ʻOzone Tropospheric (O₃)
Hoʻokumu ʻia ka Ozone ma ka lewa haʻahaʻa e ka hopena o nā nitrogen oxides (NOx) a me nā hui organik volatile (VOCs) i ke alo o ka lā. ʻO O₃ kekahi o nā mea haumia ʻino loa i nā mea kanu ma muli o kona ʻano pane wikiwiki.
2. ʻO ka sulfur dioxide (SO₂)
ʻO ka mea maʻamau, i hana ʻia mai ke ahi ʻana o nā wahie mōʻalihaku i loaʻa ka sulfur, e like me ke lanahu a me kekahi mau aila, hiki i ka SO₂ ke komo i nā lau ma o nā stomata a hoʻopilikia i ka metabolism.
3. Naikokene ʻokikene (NO₂)
Hoʻopuka nui ʻia e nā kaʻa kaʻa a me nā mea kanu mana, hiki i ka NO₂ ke hōʻino i nā ʻiʻo lau a kōkua pū i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka ozone.
4. Nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi (PM10 a me PM2.5) a me ka lepo
Hiki i nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi ke pipili i ka ʻili o ka lau, e pani ana i ka stomata a kāohi i ke komo ʻana o ka mālamalama.
5. Nā metala kaumaha a me nā mea haumia ʻē aʻe
Ma nā wahi ʻoihana a i ʻole nā wahi eli ʻana, hiki i nā mea kanu ke hōʻike ʻia i nā metala kaumaha ma o ka waiho ʻana o ka lepo a i ʻole ka haumia o ka lepo. ʻOiai ʻoi aku ka pili i nā kūlana o ka lepo, hiki i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o nā metala kaumaha ke hoʻopilikia i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o chlorophyll a me nā enzymes photosynthesis.
Hoʻopilikia nā ʻano hana haumia i ka photosynthesis
1. Ka pani ʻana o Stomata a me ka hoʻopilikia ʻana i ka hoʻololi kinoea
Hana nā stomata ma ke ʻano he "puka" no ka hoʻololi kinoea: komo ka CO₂ no ka photosynthesis, ʻoiai puka ka oxygen a me ka mahu wai. Hiki i ka haumia ke pani i nā stomata ma ke ʻano he pane pale. Ke pani ʻia nā stomata, emi iho ka omo ʻana o CO₂, e hoʻolohi ana i ka photosynthesis. Eia kekahi, hiki i nā ʻāpana lepo e pili ana ke ālai kino i nā stomata, e hoʻopilikia ana i ka hoʻololi kinoea ʻoiai ke makemake ka mea kanu e wehe iā lākou.
2. Ka hōʻino ʻana o ka chlorophyll a me ka emi ʻana o ka omo ʻana o ka mālamalama
Hoʻoulu kekahi mau mea haumia i ka hōʻino ʻana o ka chlorophyll a i ʻole ke kāohi ʻana i kona hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana. ʻO SO₂, no ka laʻana, hiki ke hoʻoulu i ka chlorosis (melemele o nā lau), he hōʻailona o ka chlorophyll haʻahaʻa. Me ka emi ʻana o ka chlorophyll, ʻaʻole hiki i nā lau ke hopu i ka ikehu mālamalama me ka maikaʻi loa, e hoʻonāwaliwali ana i nā hopena e pili ana i ka mālamalama.
Eia kekahi, hiki i ka lepo a i ʻole nā ʻāpana soot ke hana i kahi papa ma luna o ka ʻili o ka lau. Hoʻemi kēia papa i ka ikaika o ka mālamalama e hiki ana i nā ʻiʻo photosynthetic, a pēlā e hōʻemi ai i ka hana ikehu (ATP a me NADPH).
3. Ke kaumaha oxidative a me ka hōʻino ʻana o nā cell
Hiki i ka O₃ a me nā mea haumia reactive ʻē aʻe ke hana i nā radical manuahi (Reactive Oxygen Species/ROS) i loko o nā ʻiʻo lau. Nā pōʻino ROS membrane pūnaewele, nā protein, a me nā pigments photosynthetic. ʻO ka hōʻino ʻana i ka membrane chloroplast hiki ke hōʻemi pololei i ka pono o ka photosystem II, kahi ʻāpana koʻikoʻi o nā hopena e pili ana i ka mālamalama. ʻAʻole wale kēia e hōʻemi i ka wikiwiki o ka photosynthesis akā hoʻolalelale hoʻi i ka ʻelemakule ʻana o ka lau a hōʻemi i ka ulu ʻana.
4. Nā loli i ka metabolism a me ka hana enzyme
Hilinaʻi ka photosynthesis i nā enzymes, me RuBisCO, nona ke kuleana i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o CO₂ i loko o ke kaʻina Calvin. Hiki i ka ʻike mau ʻana i nā mea haumia ke hoʻololi i ka hana o kēia mau enzymes ma ke ʻano ʻē, no ka laʻana ma o nā loli i ka pH cellular, ka hōʻino ʻana o ka protein, a i ʻole ka hoʻopilikia ʻana i ka lako ikehu. ʻO ka hopena, ʻoiai inā lawa ka mālamalama, ʻaʻole hiki i nā mea kanu ke hana pono i ka CO₂ i loko o nā kō.
5. Ua ʻakika a me ka pōʻino ʻaʻole pololei
Hiki i ka SO₂ a me NOx ke hana i nā waikawa sulfuric a me nitric, e hāʻule ana ma ke ʻano he ua waikawa. ʻAʻole hōʻino wale ka ua waikawa i nā ʻili lau akā hoʻololi pū i ka pH lepo, hoʻoheheʻe i kekahi mau meaʻai, a hoʻonui i ka solubility o nā metala kaumaha. ʻO nā mea kanu nele i nā meaʻai koʻikoʻi e like me ka magnesium (kahi ʻāpana o ka chlorophyll) a i ʻole ka nitrogen e ʻike i ka emi ʻana o ka photosynthesis ma muli o ka pigment i hōʻino ʻia a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka enzyme.
Nā hōʻailona i nā mea kanu ma muli o ka ʻike ʻana i ka haumia
I nā hihia he nui, ka hopena o ka haumia hiki ke ʻike maka ʻia. ʻO kekahi mau hōʻailona maʻamau:
Chlorosis (melemele nā lau) ma muli o ka emi ʻana o ka chlorophyll.
– Necrosis (nā kiko ʻeleʻele/make ʻana o nā ʻiʻo) ʻoi aku hoʻi ma ka wā e pili ana i ka ozone.
– Ka ulu ʻana o ka ulu, nā lau liʻiliʻi, a me ka emi ʻana o ka biomass.
– Ka emi ʻana o ka hua o nā mea kanu ma nā mea kanu i mahi ʻia, e like me ka palaoa, ka soybeans, ka laiki, a i ʻole nā mea kanu.
– ʻO ka ʻelemakule mua a me ka hāʻule wikiwiki ʻana o ka lau, kahi e hōʻemi ai i ka hiki o ka mea kanu ke photosynthesize i loko o ke kau.
Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole maopopo koke nā hopena āpau. Me ka haʻahaʻa akā lōʻihi ka hoʻohana ʻana, hiki ke emi ka photosynthesis me ka ʻole o nā hōʻailona i ʻike ʻia—e ʻike wale ʻia ma o ka emi ʻana o ka huahana a i ʻole ke kūpaʻa ʻana o nā mea kanu i ka maloʻo a me nā mea ʻino.
Ka hopena ma nā kaiaolaola a me ka mahiʻai
He hopena koʻikoʻi ka emi ʻana o ka photosynthesis. Ma ke ʻano o ka ʻōnaehana ola, emi ka huahana mua, e hoʻopilikia ana i ke kaulahao meaʻai ma muli o ka emi ʻana o ka ikehu i hoʻokomo ʻia. ʻOi aku ka maʻalahi o nā ululāʻau a me nā mea kanu i nāwaliwali i nā maʻi a me ka loli o ke aniau. Eia kekahi, inā emi ka photosynthesis ma kēlā me kēia ʻāpana, ua emi pū ka hiki o nā mea kanu ke omo i ka CO₂, kahi e hoʻonui ai i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o nā kinoea ʻōmaʻomaʻo i ka lewa.
Ma ka mahiʻai, pili pololei ka hopena i ka hua o nā mea kanu a me ka maikaʻi o ka huahana. ʻO nā mea kanu i hiki ʻole ke photosynthesize maikaʻi loa e hana i nā kalapona liʻiliʻi, e hopena ana i ka emi ʻana o ka hua, ka hua, a i ʻole ka nui o ka ʻōpū. Hiki i ka haumia ke hoʻonui i nā pilikia kaiapuni ʻē aʻe, e like me ka maloʻo. Ke kokoke nā stomata i nā mea haumia, hoʻemi ʻia ka pono o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka wai, e paʻakikī ai i nā mea kanu ke hoʻololi i nā kūlana maloʻo.
Nā hana e hōʻemi i ka hopena o ka haumia ma ka photosynthesis
ʻO ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i kēia pilikia e pono ai kahi ʻano hana mai lalo a i luna:
1. Ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana ma o ka halihali haʻahaʻa-hoʻokuʻu ʻana, ka ikehu hou, a me nā kaohi ʻoihana.
2. Hiki i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻōmaʻomaʻo o ke kūlanakauhale me nā ʻano mea kanu e ʻae i ka haumia ke kōkua i ka kānana ʻana i nā ʻāpana a hoʻohaʻahaʻa i nā pae haumia kūloko.
3. Ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā pale mea kanu a puni nā wahi ʻoihana a i ʻole nā alanui nui e hōʻemi i ka pili pololei ʻana i ka ʻāina mahiʻai.
4. Ke hoʻoulu ʻana i nā mea kanu e kūpaʻa i ka haumia, no ka laʻana nā ʻano like ʻole me nā ʻōnaehana antioxidant ikaika aʻe a i ʻole nā stomata adaptive hou aʻe.
5. Ka mālama lau kūpono a me ka hoʻoinu wai ʻana i kekahi mau mahiʻai (e like me nā hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo a i ʻole nā wahi ulu nui) e hōʻemi i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o ka lepo a hoʻemi i ke kaumaha.
Ka hopena
ʻO ka haumia o ka ea a me ka waiho ʻana o nā mea haumia he mau hoʻoweliweli koʻikoʻi ia i ka photosynthesis o nā mea kanu. Ma o nā ʻano hana e like me ka pani ʻana o ka stomatal, ka hōʻino ʻana o ka chlorophyll a me ka chloroplast, ke kaumaha oxidative, a me nā hopena ʻaʻole pololei e like me ka ua waikawa a me ka hoʻopilikia ʻana i nā meaʻai, hiki i ka haumia ke hōʻemi nui i nā helu photosynthesis. Loaʻa nā hopena mai ka emi ʻana o ka ulu ʻana o nā mea kanu a hiki i ka hoʻopilikia ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana ola a me ka huahana mahiʻai. No ka mea, ʻo ka photosynthesis ke kumu o ke ola ma ka Honua, he mea koʻikoʻi nā hana kaohi haumia ʻaʻole wale no ke olakino kanaka akā no ka hoʻomau ʻana o ke kaiapuni a me ka palekana meaʻai.
