Nā Pōmaikaʻi o nā Microbes no ka ʻOihana
Ua manaʻo pinepine ʻia nā microbes he mau mea liʻiliʻi e hoʻoulu ai i ka maʻi. Eia nō naʻe, i loko o ke ao ʻoihana, he mau "limahana" koʻikoʻi nā microbes e kōkua ana i nā kānaka e hana i nā huahana like ʻole, e hoʻonui ana i ka pono o nā kaʻina hana, a e hōʻemi ana i ka haumia o ke kaiapuni. Loaʻa i nā microbes—e like me ka bacteria, fungi, yeast, a me ka limu microscopic—nā hiki ke hoʻololi i ka metabolism. Hoʻohana ʻia kēia mau hiki e ka ʻoihana e hana i nā mea maka i nā huahana waiwai nui. Kūkākūkā kēia ʻatikala i nā pono o nā microbes i ka ʻoihana, mai ka meaʻai a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau a hiki i ka ikehu a me ka hoʻokele ʻōpala.
1. Nā microbes i ka ʻoihana meaʻai a me ka mea inu
ʻO kekahi o nā hoʻohana ʻana o nā microbes e pili loa ana i ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā, ʻo ia ka ʻoihana meaʻai. Hiki i nā kaʻina hana fermentation, e pili ana i ka hana a nā microorganisms, ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka ʻono, ka ʻala, a me ke ʻano o nā meaʻai, a me ka hoʻolōʻihi ʻana i ko lākou ola papa.
ʻO kahi laʻana kaulana ka hana ʻana i ka berena, kahi e hana ai ka hū Saccharomyces cerevisiae i ke kalapona ʻokikene, ka mea e hoʻāla ai i ka palaoa. I ka ʻoihana inu, he kuleana ko nā microbes i ka hana ʻana i ka pia, ka waina, a me nā mea inu ʻē aʻe i hoʻoulu ʻia ma ka hana ʻana i ka waiʻona a me nā mea ʻono.
Ma Indonesia, hilinaʻi pū kekahi mau meaʻai kuʻuna i nā microbes, e like me ka tempeh (na Rhizopus oligosporus), tape (kahi hui pū ʻana o ka hū a me ka bacteria lactic acid), yogurt (na Lactobacillus lāua ʻo Streptococcus), a me ka soy sauce (kahi fermentation papa me nā fungi a me nā bacteria). Ma waho aʻe o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ʻono, hiki i ka fermentation ke hoʻonui i ka waiwai o ka meaʻai, no ka laʻana ma ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka loaʻa ʻana o kekahi mau huaora a i ʻole ka wāwahi ʻana i nā hui antinutrient i ka meaʻai.
Ma kahi pae ʻoihana, ʻae ka fermentation i ka hana mau a hiki ke kaohi ʻia a he ʻoi aku ka mālama pono ʻana i ka ikehu ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā kaʻina hana kemika e pono ai ke mahana a i ʻole ke kaomi kiʻekiʻe.
2. Nā microbes no ka hana ʻana i nā enzyme ʻoihana
ʻO nā microbes nā hale hana enzyme o ke kūlohelohe. ʻO nā enzymes nā mea hoʻoulu olaola e hoʻolalelale i nā hopena kemika. Pono ka ʻoihana hou i nā enzymes no nā kumu like ʻole no ka mea he kikoʻī, kūpono, a pili i ke kaiapuni.
ʻO kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona o nā enzymes i hana ʻia e nā microbes a me kā lākou hoʻohana ʻana:
– ʻO Amylase e wāwahi i ka starch i ke kō, hoʻohana ʻia i loko o nā ʻoihana berena, glucose syrup a me ka pia.
– ʻO ka Protease e wāwahi i nā protein, hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka ʻoihana detergent, ka hana ʻiʻo, a me ka hana tīhi.
– ʻO ka cellulase e wāwahi i ka cellulose, hoʻohana ʻia i nā ʻoihana lole, pepa a me ka bioenergy.
- Lipase e wāwahi i ka momona, hoʻohana ʻia i ka meaʻai, nā detergents a me ka ʻoihana hoʻonani.
ʻO nā bacteria e like me Bacillus a me nā fungi e like me Aspergillus i koho pinepine ʻia no ka mea he maʻalahi lākou e mahi a hiki ke hana i nā nui o nā enzymes.
3. Nā microbes i loko o ka ʻoihana lāʻau lapaʻau a me ke olakino
ʻO ka ʻoihana lāʻau lapaʻau kekahi o nā kahua e hilinaʻi nui ana i nā microbes. Ua ʻike ʻia nā antibiotics e like me ka penicillin e ka fungus Penicillium, aʻo nā antibiotics ʻē aʻe he nui i hana ʻia e nā bacteria lepo e like me Streptomyces. A hiki i kēia lā, ʻo nā microbes ke kumu o nā hui antimicrobial hou a me nā mea maka no ka hana ʻana i nā lāʻau.
Ma waho aʻe o nā antibiotics, hoʻohana ʻia nā microbes e hana i nā meaʻai:
– Ua hoʻomohala ʻia kekahi mau lāʻau pale me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano hana moʻomeheu microbial a i ʻole ka ʻenekinia genetic.
– Ua hana nui ʻia ka hormone insulin i kēia manawa me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka bacteria Escherichia coli a i ʻole ka hū ma o ka ʻenehana DNA recombinant.
– ʻO nā wikamina a me nā waikawa amino, e like me ka wikamina B12 a i ʻole lysine, he mea nui ia i nā mea hoʻohui olakino a me ka meaʻai holoholona.
Ke ulu nei ke kuleana o nā microbes me ka holomua o ka biotechnology, ka mea e ʻae ai i ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā microbes e hana i nā hui lāʻau lapaʻau ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi a palekana hoʻi.
4. Nā microbes i ka ʻoihana ikehu: biofuel a me biogas
ʻO ka ulu ʻana o ke koi no ka ikehu ke hoʻoulu nei i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā kumu ikehu hou. Hāʻawi nā microbes i kahi hopena ma o ka hana biofuel. No ka laʻana, hiki i ka hū ke hoʻololi i ke kō i loko o ka ethanol, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he wahie (bioethanol). Hiki ke hana ʻia ka Bioethanol mai ke kō, ka kulina, ka cassava, a i ʻole nā ʻōpala mahiʻai ʻē aʻe i waiwai i ka carbohydrate.
Eia kekahi, he kuleana ko nā microbes anaerobic i ka hana ʻana o ka biogas, kahi hui ʻana o nā kinoea i haku ʻia me ka methane. Hoʻopuka ʻia ka Biogas ma o ka palaho ʻana o nā ʻōpala organik e like me ka lepo holoholona, nā ʻōpala meaʻai, a i ʻole nā ʻōpala mahiʻai. ʻAʻole wale kēia kaʻina hana e hoʻopuka i ka ikehu akā hoʻemi pū i ka nui o ka ʻōpala a me ke ʻala, a hoʻopuka i nā koena i hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e like me ka mea hoʻoulu.
Loaʻa i kekahi ʻano limu ka hiki ke hana i ka ʻaila e hiki ke hana ʻia i biodiesel. ʻOiai ke paʻakikī nei nā kumukūʻai hana, ke hoʻomau nei ka noiʻi e hoʻokūkū i ka bioenergy e pili ana i ka microbial.
5. Nā microbes no ka mālama ʻana i nā ʻōpala a me ka bioremediation
Hoʻopuka ka ʻoihana i nā ʻōpala wai a me nā ʻōpala paʻa e hiki ke hoʻohaumia i ke kaiapuni. Hoʻohana ʻia nā microbes i ka mālama ʻana i ka wai ʻino ma muli o ko lākou hiki ke hoʻohaumia i nā mea organik a me kekahi mau kemika weliweli.
I loko o nā hale hana hoʻomaʻemaʻe wai ʻino, hoʻopau nā bacteria i nā mea olaola, e hōʻemi ana i nā pae haumia. Hoʻohana nā kaʻina hana e like me ka sludge i hoʻāla ʻia i nā kaiāulu o nā microbes e "ʻai" i nā ʻōpala olaola. Eia kekahi, hiki i kekahi mau microbes ke hoʻopaʻa a hoʻololi paha i nā mea ʻawahia, e like me nā metala kaumaha, nā pesticides, a i ʻole nā hydrocarbons petroleum.
Ua hoʻohana nui ʻia ka Bioremediation—ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i nā wahi haumia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā microorganism—i ka lepo a i ʻole ka wai i haumia i ka ʻaila. ʻO kona pōmaikaʻi, ʻoi aku ka launa pū me ke kaiapuni ma mua o nā ʻano kino a kemika paha, kahi e hoʻoweliweli ai i ka hana ʻana i nā koena hou aʻe.
6. Nā microbes i ka mahiʻai ʻoihana a me ka meaʻai holoholona
I ka ʻoihana mahiʻai, hoʻohana ʻia nā microbes ma ke ʻano he biofertilizers a me nā mea hoʻomalu olaola. Kōkua nā bacteria hoʻopaʻa nitrogen e like me Rhizobium i ka hoʻolako ʻana i ka nitrogen i nā mea kanu, e hōʻemi ana i ka hilinaʻi ʻana i nā mea hoʻouluulu kemika. Kōkua nā fungi Mycorrhizal i ka omo ʻana o ka wai a me nā mineral, e hoʻonui ana i ka ulu ʻana o nā mea kanu, ʻoi aku hoʻi i nā lepo momona ʻole.
I ka ʻoihana holoholona, hoʻohana ʻia nā microbes i ka hana ʻana i ka meaʻai fermented a me nā probiotics. Hiki i nā probiotics i hoʻokumu ʻia ma Lactobacillus a i ʻole Bacillus ke kōkua i ka ʻai ʻana o nā holoholona, hoʻomaikaʻi i ka pono o ka meaʻai, a hoʻemi i ka pilikia o ka maʻi, a pēlā e hōʻemi ai i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā antibiotic.
7. Ke kuleana o nā microbes i nā ʻoihana lole, pepa a me nā kemika
He kuleana ko nā microbes i nā ʻoihana ʻaʻole meaʻai. Hoʻohana ʻia nā enzymes microbial i nā kaʻina hana biopolishing textile e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i nā lole a hōʻemi i nā olonā coarse. I ka ʻoihana pepa, kōkua nā enzymes e like me ka xylanase i ke kaʻina hana hoʻokeʻokeʻo pulp, e hōʻemi ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kemika ʻino a ʻino i ke kaiapuni.
I loko o ka ʻoihana kemika, hoʻohana ʻia nā microbes e hana i nā waikawa organik e like me ka waikawa citric (mai Aspergillus niger mai), ka waikawa lactic (no nā plastics biodegradable/PLA), a me nā mea hoʻoheheʻe a me nā hui ʻala. ʻO ka hana ʻana ma muli o nā microbial i kapa pinepine ʻia ʻo "green chemistry" no ka mea hiki iā ia ke hōʻemi i nā hoʻokuʻu ʻana a me nā ʻōpala ʻawahia.
Ka hopena
Hāʻawi nā microbes i nā pono koʻikoʻi i ka ʻoihana ma muli o ko lākou hiki ke hoʻokō i nā kaʻina hana olaola kūpono, kikoʻī, a pili pono i ke kaiapuni. Mai ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka meaʻai a me ka hana ʻana i ka enzyme a hiki i nā lāʻau lapaʻau, a hiki i ka mālama ʻana i nā ʻōpala a me ka ikehu hou, he ʻāpana koʻikoʻi nā microbes o ka holomua ʻoihana hou. Me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka biotechnology a me ka ʻenekinia genetic, manaʻo ʻia e hoʻonui ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā microbes, e hopena ana i nā huahana hoʻomau, pono i ka ikehu, a pili i ke kaiapuni. No laila, ʻaʻole wale nā microbies he mau meaola liʻiliʻi e makaʻala ai, akā he mau hoa hana koʻikoʻi hoʻi i nā ʻāpana ʻoihana like ʻole.
