Nā ʻano o nā mea kanu Moss
ʻO nā mosses (Bryophyta) he hui o nā mea kanu liʻiliʻi i loaʻa pinepine ʻia e ulu ana ma nā wahi pulu, e like me nā pōhaku, ka lepo, nā paia malu, nā kumu lāʻau, a me nā kapa muliwai. ʻOiai ko lākou liʻiliʻi a manaʻo pinepine ʻia he "mea kanu maʻalahi," he kuleana koʻikoʻi nā mosses i nā kaiaolaola, mai ka mālama ʻana i ka makū o ke kaiapuni, ke kōkua ʻana i ka hana ʻana i ka lepo, a me ka hāʻawi ʻana i kahi noho no nā micro-organism. No ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke ʻano o ka noho ʻana a me ke ola ʻana o nā mosses, pono mākou e ʻike i ko lākou mau ʻano koʻikoʻi, me ko lākou ʻano, ka hānau hou ʻana, a me nā pono ola.
1. Hoʻokomo pū ʻia nā mea kanu ʻaʻole vascular
ʻO kekahi o nā ʻano ʻokoʻa loa o ka moss, ʻo ia ka mea kanu ʻaʻole vascular, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻaʻohe ona ʻiʻo halihali maoli e like me xylem a me phloem. I loko o nā mea kanu vascular (e like me nā ferns a me nā mea kanu hua), lawe ka xylem i ka wai a me nā minela mai ke aʻa a i nā lau, ʻoiai ʻo phloem e lawe i nā huahana o ka photosynthesis ma loko o ka mea kanu . ʻAʻohe o Moss i kēia ʻōnaehana, no laila e hana ʻia ka wai a me ka hānai ma o ka diffusion a me ka osmosis mai ka ʻili o kona kino.
ʻO ka hopena, he liʻiliʻi a lahilahi nā limu, no ka mea, ʻo ko lākou nui nui e paʻakikī ai ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka wai a me ka meaʻai me ka ʻole o kahi pūnaewele halihali kūpono. Hilinaʻi nui hoʻi nā limu i ka wai i ko lākou wahi noho, no laila ua nui lākou ma nā wahi pulu.
2. ʻAʻohe ona aʻa maoli, kumu, a me nā lau
Ua like pinepine nā ʻōpala me nā mea kanu liʻiliʻi me nā "kumu" liʻiliʻi a me nā "lau," akā ʻaʻole kēia mau ʻano he mau ʻōkana maoli. Loaʻa i nā ʻōpala:
– Rhizoids: nā ʻano aʻa e like me ke aʻa e hana ana e hoʻopili i ke kumu (pōhaku, lepo, ʻili lāʻau) a omo i ka nui o ka wai.
– Cauloid: ʻano hana e like me ke koʻokoʻo.
– Phyloid: ʻano like me ka lau.
No ka mea, ʻaʻole lākou he mau ʻōkana maoli, ʻaʻohe o kēia mau ʻāpana ʻekolu i nā puʻupuʻu vascular e like me ke aʻa, ke kumu, a me nā lau o nā mea kanu kiʻekiʻe. Eia nō naʻe, he kūpono loa kēia mau hale i ke kākoʻo ʻana i ke ola limu i nā kūlana kaiapuni haumākū.
3. Liʻiliʻi ka nui a hoʻokumu i nā kolone mānoanoa
ʻO kekahi ʻano maʻalahi i ʻike ʻia, ʻo ia ka ulu ʻana o ka limu i loko o nā moena a i ʻole nā kolone mānoanoa. ʻAʻole wale kēia ʻano e hāʻawi i ka limu i kona ʻano e like me ke kāpeti ʻōmaʻomaʻo akā kōkua pū kekahi i ka mālama ʻana i ka makū. Hoʻemi nā kolone mānoanoa i ka mahu a ʻae i ka wai e mālama ʻia ma waena o nā hunaola limu.
ʻO ka liʻiliʻi o nā mosses e kōkua iā lākou e hoʻololi i ko lākou wahi: hiki iā lākou ke ulu i loko o nā māwae haiki i loko o nā pōhaku, nā papa lahilahi o ka lepo, a i ʻole ka ʻili lāʻau. ʻAʻole pono nā mosses i kahi ākea a i ʻole kahi papa mānoanoa o ka lepo.
4. Noho i nā wahi pulu, akā ua hoʻomanawanui loa
Ma keʻano laulā, makemake nā mosses i nā wahi pulu no ka mea pono ka wai i kā lākou mau kaʻina hana physiological, ʻoi aku hoʻi no ka hānau ʻana i ka moekolohe. Eia nō naʻe, hiki i nā mosses he nui ke ola i nā kūlana maloʻo no ka manawa pōkole. Ke kakaikahi ka wai, hiki i kekahi mau ʻano moss ke komo i kahi kūlana hiamoe (ka emi ʻana o ka metabolism). Ke hoʻihoʻi ʻia ka wai, hiki i ka moss ke "ola hou" a hoʻomaka hou i kāna mau hana.
ʻO kēia hoʻomanawanui e hoʻolilo i nā mosses i mau meaola kūpaʻa loa. ʻOiai ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou āpau ke kū i ka maloʻo nui, ua ʻike ʻia nā mosses he mau paionia, hiki ke noho i nā ʻili hou, e like me nā pōhaku i ka wā o ke kaʻina hana.
5. Ke ʻike nei i ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā hanauna (metagenesis)
Hōʻike ʻia ke ola o ka moss e ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā hanauna, ʻo ia hoʻi ke alo o ʻelua mau ʻanuʻu nui:
1. Gametophyte (haploid, n): ke kahua nui i loko o ka moss. ʻO kēia ka ʻāpana ʻōmaʻomaʻo o ka moss a mākou e ʻike pinepine ai. Hoʻopuka ka gametophyte i nā gametes (nā cell sex), ʻo ia hoʻi ka spermatozoa a me nā ova.
2. Sporophyte (diploid, 2n): ke kahua e ulu ana e pili ana i ka gametophyte. Hoʻopuka ka sporophyte i nā spores ma o ke kaʻina hana o ka meiosis.
I loko o nā mosses, ʻoi aku ka ʻike ʻia o ka gametophyte a ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ke ola ma mua o ka sporophyte. ʻO ka sporophyte he kumu liʻiliʻi (seta) me kahi capsule ma ka hopena (sporangium) e hana ana i nā spores.
6. Pono ka wai no ka hana hou ʻana
ʻO kahi ʻano koʻikoʻi o ka limu, ʻo ia ka pono o ka wai no ka hoʻoulu ʻana, no ka mea, he neʻe ka sperm o ka limu a pono e ʻau i ka hua manu. Hana pinepine ʻia kēia kaʻina hana ke pulu ka ʻili o ka limu mai ka ua, ka hau, a i ʻole nā kīkī wai.
ʻO kēia ke kumu i maʻamau ai ka limu ma nā wahi pulu, a no ke aha e hoʻonui pinepine ai kona nui i ka wā ua. Me ka ʻole o ka wai, ua kāohi ʻia ka hānau ʻana ma ke ʻano moekolohe, ʻoiai hiki nō i ka limu ke ola.
7. Hoʻoulu hou ma o nā spores a me nā mea kanu
Hoʻoulu hou ʻo Moss ma nā ʻano nui ʻelua:
– Hoʻouluulu (moe kolohe): hoʻopuka i nā spores ma o ka sporophyte. ʻO nā spores e pae ana ma kahi kūpono e ulu aʻe i loko o kahi protonema, kahi ʻano like me ke kaula e hana i ke kahua mua o ka ulu ʻana, a laila e ulu aʻe i loko o kahi gametophyte hou.
– Vegetative (asexual): hiki ke hana ma o ka fragmentation (ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻāpana o ke kino moss a laila ulu i mau kānaka hou) a i ʻole ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā gemmae (nā ʻōpuʻu liʻiliʻi ma kekahi mau mosses) hiki ke pālahalaha a ulu.
ʻO nā ʻano mea kanu e ʻae ai i ka limu e laha koke i nā wahi kūpono, ʻoiai ke kūpaʻa a pulu nā kūlana o ke kaiapuni.
8. He kuleana koʻikoʻi ko ka nohona
ʻOiai ko lākou liʻiliʻi, he nui nā kuleana koʻikoʻi o nā mosses i loko o ka ʻōnaehana ola:
– Nā paionia i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka lepo: kōkua ka limu i ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻopōʻino ʻana o ka pōhaku a paʻa i nā ʻāpana organik, i hiki ai ke hana ʻia ka lepo.
– Ka mālama ʻana i ka makū: hiki i nā kolone moss ke omo i ka wai e like me ka huʻa a kōkua i ka mālama ʻana i ka makū o ka microhabitat.
– Kahi noho no nā microorganism: hāʻawi ka moss i kahi noho no nā bacteria, fungi, protozoa, a me nā holoholona liʻiliʻi e like me nā mites a me nā larvae pepeke.
– Nā hōʻailona o ke kaiapuni: ua maʻalahi kekahi mau mosses i ka haumia o ka ea a me nā loli o ka makū no laila hiki iā lākou ke lilo i mau hōʻailona o nā kūlana o ke kaiapuni.
9. Nā ʻano o ka limu ma ke ʻano laulā
I nā haʻawina biology, ua hoʻokaʻawale pinepine ʻia nā mosses i ʻekolu mau pūʻulu nui:
1. ʻŌmole lau (Bryopsida/Musci): ʻike pinepine ʻia he kāpeti ʻōmaʻomaʻo, he ʻano like kona me ke kumu a me nā lau.
2. Nā ʻūlū akepaʻa (Marchantiopsida/Hepaticae): ʻano pālahalaha ke kino e like me ka pepa (thallus), loaʻa pinepine i nā wahi pulu a me ka malu.
3. Hornwort (Anthocerotopsida): ua hoʻolōʻihi ʻia ka sporophyte a ua like ia me ka pepeiaohao, ulu pinepine ia i ka lepo pulu.
Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia hui kona mau ʻano ponoʻī, akā ke kaʻana like nei i ke ʻano nui o nā mosses ma ke ʻano he mau mea kanu vascular ʻole e hoʻoulu hou ana ma o nā spores.
Ka hopena
Hōʻike nā ʻano o nā mosses i ko lākou kūlana ma ke ʻano he mau mea kanu maʻalahi nele i nā ʻiʻo vascular a me nā ʻōkana maoli e like me ke aʻa, nā kumu, a me nā lau. He liʻiliʻi nā mosses, makemake lākou i nā wahi pulu, hana i nā kolone mānoanoa, a he pōʻaiapuni ola me kahi hoʻololi o nā hanauna kahi i mana ai ka pae gametophyte. Hilinaʻi nui kā lākou hānau ʻana i ka wai, a hiki iā lākou ke hānau hou ma ke ʻano moekolohe ma o nā spores a i ʻole asexual. ʻOiai ko lākou maʻalahi, he kuleana koʻikoʻi ko nā mosses i ka mālama ʻana i ke kaulike o ke kaiapuni, ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka lepo, a me ka hāʻawi ʻana i kahi noho no nā meaola like ʻole.
Inā makemake ʻoe, hiki iaʻu ke hana i kahi mana o kēia ʻatikala me kahi ʻano ʻepekema (hoʻolauna-ʻano nānā-kūkākūkā-hopena) a i ʻole e hoʻohui i nā laʻana o nā ʻano moss i loaʻa pinepine ma Indonesia.
