Nā ʻano o nā Gymnosperms
ʻO nā Gymnosperms kahi hui o nā mea kanu me nā ʻano kūikawā e hoʻokaʻawale iā lākou mai nā mea kanu pua, a i ʻole nā angiosperms. Loaʻa nā Gymnosperms mai nā huaʻōlelo Helene "gymnos," ʻo ia hoʻi ke ʻōlohelohe, a me "sperma," ʻo ia hoʻi ka hua. Pili kēia inoa i kā lākou mau hua, ʻaʻole i pale ʻia e kahi ovary a hua paha, kahi hiʻohiʻona ʻokoʻa loa o kēia hui o nā mea kanu. Loaʻa i nā Gymnosperms ma mua o 1.000 mau ʻano e pili ana i nā mahele nui ʻehā: Coniferophyta, Cycadophyta, Ginkgophyta, a me Gnetophyta. E wehewehe kēia ʻatikala i nā ʻano nui o nā gymnosperms, me ko lākou morphology, ke ola o ke ola, ka ecology, a me ke kuleana i loko o ka ʻōnaehana ola.
1. ʻAno o ke kino
a. Nā Aʻa Ma mua o ka Supa
Loaʻa i nā Gymnosperms nā ʻōnaehana aʻa e ʻokoʻa ma muli o nā ʻano, akā ʻo ka hapa nui he mau aʻa koʻikoʻi. Hana kēia mau aʻa e hoʻopaʻa i ka mea kanu i ka lepo a omo i ka wai a me nā meaʻai. Loaʻa i kekahi mau ʻano ka mycorrhizae, kahi pilina symbiotic me nā fungi e kōkua ana i ka omo ʻana i nā meaʻai.
b. Nā Kumu ʻAno
He lāʻau maʻamau nā kumu Gymnosperm a hiki ke mau no nā kenekulia. ʻO ka hapa nui o kā lākou wahie he tracheids, nā pūnaewele lōʻihi a haiki e halihali ana i ka wai a me nā meaʻai me ka lohi ma mua o nā kīʻaha o nā angiosperms. Hana kekahi mau gymnosperms i ka resin a i ʻole ka gum e pale aku iā lākou iho mai ka hoʻouka ʻana o nā pepeke a me nā fungal.
c. Nā Lau like ʻole
ʻOkoʻa nō hoʻi nā lau Gymnosperm, mai nā lau paina e like me ke kui a i nā lau ginkgo ʻano peʻahi. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā lau gymnosperm he mau petal hoʻokahi a maʻalahi ke ʻano. ʻO nā conifers e like me nā paina he lau ʻano kui e hiki ai iā lākou ke hōʻemi i ka nalowale o ka wai, e ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ko lākou hoʻololi ʻana i nā wahi maloʻo a anu paha.
2. Hoʻoulu hou ʻana
Hoʻoulu hou nā Gymnosperms i ka moekolohe ma o ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka hanauna, e hana ana i nā hua ma hope o ka pollination. Eia ka mea e wehewehe ai i ke ola o ka gymnosperm:
a. Ka Hoʻomohala ʻana o Strobilus
ʻO nā Strobili nā ʻano hana hānau e loaʻa ana nā sporophyll i loko o nā gymnosperms. Ua māhele ʻia lākou i nā strobili kāne (hana pollen) a me nā strobili wahine (hana ovules).
b. Hoʻopili ʻia me ke kōkua o ka makani
Ma keʻano laulā, hoʻohana nā gymnosperms i ka makani ma ke ʻano he ʻano hana pollination mua (anemophily). ʻO kā lākou mau hua pollen māmā a ʻano kū hoʻokahi e hiki ai iā lākou ke lawe ʻia e ka makani i ka strobilus wahine.
c. Ka Hoʻokumu ʻana a me ka Oʻo ʻana o ka Hua
Ma hope o ka hoʻopili maikaʻi ʻana, ulu nā microspores i nā gametophytes kāne, nāna e hana i ka spermatozoa, ʻoiai ʻo nā megaspores e ulu i nā gametophytes wahine, nāna e hana i nā hua. Hana ʻia ka fertilization ke hiki aku ka spermatozoa a hoʻomomona i ka hua, e hana ana i kahi zygote, kahi e ulu ai i kahi embryo a ma hope he hua.
3. Kaiaolaola
He kuleana koʻikoʻi ko nā Gymnosperms i nā kaiaolaola o ka honua holoʻokoʻa. Loaʻa nā ʻano he nui i nā aniau anuanu a mehana, a pinepine lākou e noho aliʻi ma luna o nā ululāʻau boreal a me nā mauna kiʻekiʻe.
a. Hoʻololi i ke Kaiapuni
ʻOi aku ka hoʻomanawanui o nā Gymnosperms i nā kūlana kaiapuni koʻikoʻi ma mua o nā angiosperms. ʻO ko lākou mau lau ʻano nila a unahi paha me nā stomata liʻiliʻi e kōkua iā lākou e hōʻemi i ka transpiration, he mea nui no ke ola ʻana i nā wahi me ka wai palena a i ʻole ke anuanu.
b. Hāʻawi Kaiapuni
He mea kōkua nui lākou i ka biomass o ka nahele a he kuleana ko lākou i ke kaʻapuni kalapona honua. Eia kekahi, hoʻonui ko lākou aʻa a me ka ʻōpala i ka lepo me nā meaʻai.
c. Ka launa pū ʻana me nā meaola ʻē aʻe
Hāʻawi nā Gymnosperms i kahi noho no nā ʻano holoholona a me nā pepeke he nui a hoʻonui i ka biodiversity i ko lākou mau wahi noho. ʻAi kekahi mau holoholona i nā hua a me nā lau gymnosperm ma ke ʻano he kumu meaʻai mua.
4. Kūlana Hoʻokele Waiwai
He kuleana koʻikoʻi ko nā Gymnosperms i ka hoʻokele waiwai. ʻO kekahi o kā lākou kuleana nui, ʻo ia ke kumu o ka lāʻau. ʻO ka lāʻau mai ka paina a me ka fir, no ka laʻana, hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka ʻoihana kūkulu hale, ka hana pepa, a me nā huahana lāʻau ʻē aʻe. Eia kekahi, he waiwai hoʻonaninani kekahi mau ʻano gymnosperm a hoʻohana ʻia i ka hoʻolālā ʻāina a me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻōmaʻomaʻo kūlanakauhale. I kekahi mau moʻomeheu, e like me Iapana a me Kina, he waiwai hōʻailona ko nā lāʻau e like me ka fir a me ka paina a hoʻohana pinepine ʻia i nā ʻaha kuʻuna.
a. Lāʻau a me nā Huahana Lāʻau
He mea nui ka lāʻau Gymnosperm, i ʻike ʻia ʻo ka lāʻau palupalu, i nā ʻano ʻoihana like ʻole. Ma waho aʻe o ka hoʻohana ʻia ʻana no ke kūkulu ʻana a me nā lako hale, hoʻohana ʻia kona lāʻau e hana i ka pepa a me nā huahana pulp ʻē aʻe. Ma muli o kona wikiwiki o ka ulu ʻana a me ka hiki ke ulu maikaʻi i nā ʻano like ʻole, he koho kaulana kēia mau lāʻau.
b. Nā Kumuwaiwai o nā Mea Kemika
Hoʻopuka nā Gymnosperms i nā resins a me nā aila koʻikoʻi i hoʻohana ʻia i nā ʻano hana like ʻole, mai nā huahana hoʻomaʻemaʻe a hiki i nā mea ʻala. Eia kekahi, hoʻohana ʻia kekahi mau ʻano i ka lāʻau lapaʻau kuʻuna ma muli o kā lākou mau pūhui hana.
5. Mālama a me nā Hoʻoweliweli
ʻOiai ua hoʻololi maikaʻi nā ʻano gymnosperm he nui i ko lākou kaiapuni, ʻo ka loli o ke aniau, nā hana kanaka, a me ka laha ʻana o nā ʻano invasive he mau hoʻoweliweli koʻikoʻi i ko lākou ola.
a. Ka Poho ʻana o ka Nohona
ʻO ka luku ʻia ʻana o ka ululāʻau i hana ʻia e nā hana a kānaka e like me ka ʻoki lāʻau kū ʻole i ke kānāwai a me ka luku ʻāina no ka mahiʻai a i ʻole ka noho ʻana he mea hoʻoweliweli nui ia i nā ʻano gymnosperm he nui. Ua hoʻemi nui ʻia ka nui o ko lākou mau wahi noho ululāʻau mua.
b. Ka Hoʻololi ʻana o ke Aniau
Ke hoʻopilikia nei ka loli o ke aniau honua i nā gymnosperms. Hiki i nā mahana mahana a me nā ʻano ua e loli nei ke hoʻopilikia i ko lākou ola a hōʻemi i ko lākou hiki ke hana i nā ʻōnaehana ola.
c. Nā Hana Mālama
No ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i kēia mau pilikia, ua hoʻokō ʻia nā hana mālama like ʻole, me ka pale ʻana i nā wahi noho, ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā paka aupuni, a me nā papahana hoʻoulu mea kanu. Ke hoʻomau nei hoʻi ka noiʻi ʻana e hoʻomaopopo maikaʻi i nā hoʻololi ʻana o ka gymnosperm a me nā pane i nā hoʻoweliweli kaiapuni like ʻole.
Pani
He hui kū hoʻokahi a koʻikoʻi nā Gymnosperms o nā mea kanu ma nā ʻano he nui o ke ola ma ka Honua. Me ko lākou hoʻololi kūlohelohe kupaianaha, ua ola lākou no nā miliona o nā makahiki a ke hoʻomau nei i ka pāʻani i kahi kuleana koʻikoʻi i ka ʻōnaehana honua. ʻOiai ke kū nei i nā pilikia he nui, hāʻawi nā hana mālama mau i ka manaʻolana no ko lākou ola mau ʻana. Ma o ka hoʻomaopopo hohonu a me ka mahalo i nā gymnosperms, hiki iā mākou ke mahalo nui i ko lākou ʻano like ʻole a hana i nā hana e pale a mālama iā ia no nā hanauna e hiki mai ana.
