Kaiaola o ka Ululāʻau ʻŌpala a me kona Ola
ʻO nā ululāʻau scrub kahi ʻano kaiaolaola i manaʻo pinepine ʻia he "maʻamau" no ka mea ʻaʻole mau nā lāʻau kiʻekiʻe e like me nā ululāʻau ua wela. Eia nō naʻe, loaʻa i nā ululāʻau scrub nā dinamika kaiaolaola waiwai a he kuleana koʻikoʻi ko lākou i ke kākoʻo ʻana i nā holoholona hihiu a me ke ola kanaka. ʻIke pinepine ʻia lākou ma ke ʻano he pae hoʻololi—ma waena o ka ʻāina ākea a me ka ululāʻau makua—a hāʻawi i kahi noho no nā ʻano mea kanu like ʻole, nā pepeke, nā manu, nā mea kolo, nā mammals liʻiliʻi, a me nā microorganisms lepo. ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka ecology o ka ululāʻau scrub ʻo ia hoʻi ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā kaʻina hana kūlohelohe e hana ana ma nā pae manawa mai nā mahina a i nā makahiki he ʻumi.
He aha ka Ululāʻau ʻŌpala?
Ma keʻano laulā, ʻo ka ʻāina ulu lāʻau (nā ʻōpala lua) kahi ʻāina i noho aliʻi ʻia e nā ʻōpala, nā lāʻau liʻiliʻi, a me nā lāʻau ʻōpiopio. ʻAʻole like ka nui o kona ʻano uhi me ka ululāʻau mua, me nā ʻano like ʻole: he nui kekahi mau ulu lāʻau a kokoke ʻole e komo, aʻo kekahi ua ākea a hui pū ʻia me nā mauʻu. Hoʻokumu pinepine ʻia ka ʻāina ulu lāʻau ma hope o nā haunaele e like me ka ʻoki lāʻau ʻana, ke ahi, ka mahiʻai neʻe ʻana, a i ʻole ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻāina a laila haʻalele ʻia. No laila, ua kapa pinepine ʻia ka ʻāina ulu lāʻau he ʻāpana o ka hoʻoilina lua, ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻōla ʻana o nā mea kanu ma hope o ka hoʻopilikia ʻia ʻana o kahi kaiaolaola.
Nā ʻAno Kaiapuni a me ke ʻAno o ka ʻŌnaehana Kaiapuni
Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā ululāʻau makua, ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka mālamalama o nā ululāʻau scrub ma ka ʻilikai no ka mea ʻaʻole i pani piha ʻia ko lākou mau uhi. Hoʻopilikia kēia kūlana i ka mahana a me ka makū: hiki i nā lā ke wela, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻomaʻalili ʻana o nā pō. Hiki ke emi ka makū o ka lepo i ka wā maloʻo, akā hiki i nā ululāʻau scrub mānoanoa ke mālama i ka micro-humidity ma o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o ka ʻōpala, ka malu mai nā lāʻau liʻiliʻi, a me ka uhi ʻāina maikaʻi aʻe ma mua o nā wahi ākea.
ʻO ke ʻano o nā mea kanu ma ke ʻano laulā:
1. Papa lalo: mauʻu, nā mea kanu, nā ferns, nā kumu waina, a me nā lāʻau liʻiliʻi.
2. Papa lāʻau liʻiliʻi/lāʻau liʻiliʻi: nā mea kanu lāʻau haʻahaʻa a waena e noho aliʻi ana.
3. Papa lāʻau ʻōpiopio: nā lāʻau pākahi e ulu ana i kahi pae ululāʻau lua ʻoi aku ka oʻo.
Hoʻokumu kēia ʻano like ʻole o nā hale i nā "wahi noho" he nui (microhabitats) no nā holoholona, ʻoi aku hoʻi nā holoholona liʻiliʻi e pono ai kahi malu.
Hoʻoilina: Thicket ma ke ʻano he Pae Hoʻōla
ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ke kaiaola o nā ululāʻau palupalu mai ke kumumanaʻo o ka hoʻoilina. Ma hope o ka hoʻopilikia ʻia ʻana o ka ʻāina, puka mua nā ʻano paionia. ʻO ka maʻamau, ulu wikiwiki nā mea kanu paionia, ʻae i ka mālamalama ikaika, a hiki ke hoʻopuehu nui ʻia ma o nā hua aloha mālamalama a i ʻole ke kōkua o nā holoholona. ʻO nā lāʻau liʻiliʻi a me nā lāʻau liʻiliʻi e ulu wikiwiki ana e hoʻopaʻa i ka lepo, hoʻēmi i ka ʻino ʻana, a hoʻomaka i ke kūkulu hou ʻana i ka momona ma o ka hāʻule ʻana o nā lau a me nā lālā.
I loko o kekahi mau makahiki a i ʻole nā ʻumi makahiki, inā e emi iho ka haunaele, hiki i ka nahelehele ke hoʻololi i loko o kahi ululāʻau lua me nā lāʻau kiʻekiʻe a me kahi uhi paʻa. Eia nō naʻe, me nā haunaele pinepine (e like me ke ahi mau a i ʻole ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻāina i kēlā manawa), hiki i ka nahelehele ke "paʻa" i kēlā pae, e noho mau ana ma ke ʻano he ululāʻau nui me ka ʻole o ka lilo ʻana i ululāʻau makua.
Ke Ola Mea Kanu: Hoʻokūkū a me ka Hoʻololi ʻana
Ke kū nei nā mea kanu i loko o nā ululāʻau palupalu i ka hoʻokūkū ikaika no ka mālamalama, ka wai, a me nā meaʻai. Hoʻokūkū nā lāʻau nui e hana i kahi uhi, ʻoiai nā kumu waina e hoʻohana i nā kumu lāʻau liʻiliʻi i mea kākoʻo e piʻi ai i nā wahi mālamalama. He nui nā ʻano lāʻau liʻiliʻi i loaʻa nā hoʻololi e like me:
– Nā lau liʻiliʻi a mānoanoa paha e hōʻemi i ka nalowale ʻana o ka wai.
– Nā kākalaioa a i ʻole nā mea hoʻohui kemika e pale aku ai i ka ʻai ʻana i nā mea kanu lāʻau.
– ʻO ka hiki ke ulu hou ma hope o ka ʻoki ʻana a puhi ʻia paha, no ka laʻana mai nā wana kumu a i ʻole nā aʻa.
Eia kekahi, hana kekahi mau mea kanu i nā pilina symbiotic me nā microorganism lepo, e like me nā fungi mycorrhizal, e kōkua ana i ka lawe ʻana i nā meaʻai, a i ʻole nā bacteria hoʻopaʻa nitrogen, e hoʻomaikaʻi ana i ka momona o ka lepo. ʻO kēia pūnaewele o nā pilina e hoʻolalelale i ka "hoʻōla" ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana, ʻoiai ʻaʻole maʻalahi ke kaʻina hana.
Nā Holoholona Hihiu o ka Ulu Lāʻau: Nā Kamaʻāina i Hoʻopoina Pinepine ʻia
ʻOiai ʻaʻole noho mau nā holoholona nui e like me nā ululāʻau mua, he wahi palekana nā ululāʻau no nā ʻano like ʻole. Hoʻohana nā manu ʻai pepeke a me nā manu ʻai hua i ka nahelehele no ka hoʻopūnana ʻana, ka malu, a me ka ʻai ʻana i nā meaʻai. Hāʻawi pū ka nahelehele mānoanoa i kahi noho kūpono no nā mea kolo e like me nā moʻo a me nā nahesa liʻiliʻi, e pono ai ka hui pū ʻana o nā wahi ākea no ka ʻauʻau ʻana a me nā wahi peʻe malu.
Hiki i nā mammals liʻiliʻi e like me nā ʻiole lāʻau, nā ʻiole liʻiliʻi, a i ʻole nā weasels ke hoʻohana i nā lāʻau liʻiliʻi ma ke ʻano he ala huakaʻi palekana mai nā mea ʻaihue. Loaʻa i nā pepeke—e like me nā pi, nā pulelehua, a me nā pepeke—ka nectar, nā lau ʻōpio, a me nā mea olaola mai ka ʻōpala. Ma ka pae maʻamau loa, hana nā meaola lepo e like me nā ilo, nā ʻuku, nā fungi, a me nā bacteria me ka ʻike ʻole ʻia, e palaho ana i nā mea olaola, e hoʻolako ana i nā meaʻai i nā mea kanu.
No laila, ʻaʻole nā ʻōnaehana ola nā ululāʻau he mau ʻōnaehana ola "ʻilihune", akā he mau ʻōnaehana ola me kahi ʻano holoholona ʻokoʻa, i hoʻomalu pinepine ʻia e nā ʻano liʻiliʻi a me nā ʻano e makemake i nā wahi noho hapa hāmama.
Nā Pūnaewele Meaʻai a me ke Kuleana o ka ʻŌpala
ʻO ka pūnaewele meaʻai i loko o nā ululāʻau palupalu, ua kākoʻo nui ʻia e ʻelua mau kumu nui: nā mea kanu ʻōmaʻomaʻo (lau, huaʻai, wana) a me ka ʻōpala (lau hāʻule, lālā, lāʻau make). ʻAi nā mea kanu lau nahele e like me nā ʻūhini, nā anuhe, a me kekahi mau mammals i nā mea kanu. A laila ʻai ʻia nā pepeke lau nahele e nā manu, nā nananana, a me nā mea kolo liʻiliʻi. I ka manawa like, hana ka ʻōpala ma ke ʻano he "hale hana meaʻai" no nā mea hoʻoheheʻe: hoʻopau nā fungi a me nā bacteria i nā mea olaola, ʻoiai nā ʻuku a me nā larvae pepeke e kōkua i ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi.
He mea nui hoʻi ka ʻōpala no ka mālama ʻana i ka makū o ka lepo a me ka pale ʻana i ka ʻili o ka lepo mai ka hopena pololei o ka ua. Hoʻēmi kēia i ka ʻino ʻana, ʻoiai ma nā ʻāina pali a i ʻole nā wahi i wehe mua ʻia ai ka ululāʻau.
Nā Hana Kaiaola: Mai nā Pale Lepo a i nā Alanui Holoholona Hihiu
He nui nā hana koʻikoʻi o ka nohona o nā ululāʻau liʻiliʻi:
1. Kāohi i ka ʻinoʻino: Hoʻopaʻa nā aʻa o nā lāʻau liʻiliʻi a me ka uhi honua i nā ʻāpana lepo i ʻole e holoi maʻalahi ʻia.
2. Hoʻihoʻi i ka momona: Kōkua ka ʻōpala a me ka hana microbial i ke kaʻina hana meaʻai.
3. Ka mālama ʻana i ke kalapona: ʻOiai ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka biomass o nā lāʻau ma mua o nā ululāʻau kahiko, mālama mau nā lāʻau liʻiliʻi i ke kalapona i loko o ko lākou mau kumu, aʻa, a me ka lepo.
4. Ke hoʻolako ʻana i nā alaloa: Hiki i nā ʻōniʻoniʻo ke hana ma ke ʻano he loulou ma waena o nā ʻāpana nahele, e kōkua ana i ka neʻe ʻana o nā holoholona a me ka hoʻopuehu ʻana o nā hua.
5. Hoʻēmi i ka pilikia o ke kahe ʻana o ka wai: Kōkua nā mea kanu i ke komo ʻana o ka wai a hoʻolohi i ke kahe ʻana o ka wai ma luna.
I loko o ka pōʻaiapili o kahi ʻāina i hoʻokaʻawale mua ʻia e nā alanui, nā māla, a i ʻole nā hale noho, ʻo nā kumulāʻau ka "wahi ʻōmaʻomaʻo" hope loa i loaʻa kahi hana koʻikoʻi.
Ka Hana like ʻana o ke Kanaka: Nā Pōmaikaʻi a me nā Pilikia
No kekahi mau kaiāulu, hāʻawi ka ʻāina ulu lāʻau i nā kumuwaiwai e like me ka wahie, nā mea kanu lāʻau lapaʻau, ka ʻai holoholona, a me ka ʻāina manawa pōkole no ka mahiʻai. Eia nō naʻe, ʻike pinepine ʻia ka ʻāina ulu lāʻau he "hua ʻole" a maʻalahi hoʻi e hoʻololi ʻia. ʻO nā pilikia ʻē aʻe e pili ana i nā ʻano mea komo hewa e hiki ke hoʻomalu i ka ʻāina ulu lāʻau, nā ahi e hana hou ana, a me ke kaomi hahai holoholona.
ʻO ka hoʻokele naʻauao ʻana i ka ʻāina ulu lāʻau e pono ai ʻelua mau noʻonoʻo ʻana: ʻo ka mua, hiki i ka ʻāina ulu lāʻau ke lilo i kahua hoʻōla ma ke ala i ka nahele; ʻo ka lua, hiki i ka ʻāina ulu lāʻau ke hāʻawi i kahi noho mau loa no kekahi mau ʻano. No laila, ʻaʻole pono e kālele wale nā kulekele mālama i nā ululāʻau mua, akā pono e hoʻokomo pū i ka ʻāina ulu lāʻau ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana o kahi mosaic kaiaola i hoʻopili ʻia.
Pani
Hōʻike ka ʻōnaehana ola o nā ululāʻau ʻōpala ʻaʻole i mau ka nohona ma ke ʻano o nā "ululāʻau nui" hanohano. He mau ʻōnaehana ola ola nā ululāʻau ʻōpala—piha i ka hoʻokūkū, ka hoʻololi ʻana, a me ka laulima ʻana ma waena o nā meaola—a he kuleana koʻikoʻi ko lākou i ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i ka ʻāina, ka mālama ʻana i ka lepo a me ka wai, ka hoʻolako ʻana i nā wahi noho, a me ke kākoʻo ʻana i ka pūnaewele o ke ola. Ma ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā ululāʻau ʻōpala a me nā kaʻina hana hoʻoilina e hana ʻia ana i loko o lākou, hiki iā kākou ke ʻike he waiwai ko kēlā me kēia pae o ka ʻōnaehana ola. ʻO ka mālama ʻana a me ka mālama naʻauao ʻana i nā ululāʻau ʻōpala e hiki ai i ke kūlohelohe ke hoʻōla a hōʻoia i ka hoʻomau ʻana o ke ola e hilinaʻi nei iā lākou.
