ʻĀpana Chromosome: Ke Hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke ʻAno a me ka Hana Genetic
He mau ʻano paʻakikī nā chromosomes i loaʻa i loko o ka nucleus o nā cell eukaryotic. Lawe lākou i ka ʻike genetic ma ke ʻano o ka DNA a me nā protein, e pāʻani ana i kahi kuleana koʻikoʻi i ka hoʻoili ʻana o nā ʻano mai kēlā hanauna a i kēia hanauna. No ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka hana ʻana o nā chromosomes, he mea nui e ʻeli hohonu i loko o kā lākou mau ʻāpana a pehea lākou e hāʻawi ai i ka hana genetic. Ma kēia ʻatikala, e ʻimi mākou i nā ʻāpana nui o nā chromosomes, me nā centromeres, telomeres, chromatids, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, a me kā lākou mau hana.
ʻAno Kumu o nā Chromosome
Ua haku ʻia nā chromosomes me ka DNA i ʻōwili paʻa ʻia a puni nā molekala protein i kapa ʻia ʻo histones, e hana ana i kahi ʻano i ʻike ʻia ʻo chromatin. I loko o nā pūnaewele eukaryotic, ʻike ʻia a hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā chromosomes i nā pae o ka mahele ʻana o ke kelepona, mitosis a me meiosis. Hoʻokumu nā chromatin i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i nā chromatids, e like me nā kaula i ʻōwili ʻia, a ʻo kēlā me kēia chromosome he ʻelua chromatids like i kapa ʻia ʻo nā chromatids kaikuahine.
Kekona
ʻO kekahi o nā ʻāpana koʻikoʻi o ka chromosome ʻo ia ka centromere. ʻO ka centromere ka ʻāpana o ka chromosome e lawelawe ana ma ke ʻano he kiko hoʻopaʻa no nā chromatids kaikuahine ʻelua a ʻo ia ke kahua o ka hoʻopili ʻana o ke kinetochore. ʻO ke kinetochore kahi ʻano protein paʻakikī e hoʻopili ai nā olonā spindle i ka wā o ka mahele ʻana o ke kelepona, e kōkua ana i ka hoʻokaʻawale kūpono ʻana o nā chromatids i nā cell kaikamahine.
ʻAʻole i loaʻa mau ka centromere ma ke kikowaena o ka chromosome; hiki ke ʻokoʻa kona kūlana. Ma muli o ke kūlana o ka centromere, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā chromosome i kekahi mau ʻano: metacentric (centromere ma ke kikowaena), submetacentric (centromere ma luna iki o ke kikowaena), acrocentric (centromere kokoke i ka hopena), a me telocentric (centromere ma ka hopena).
Telomera
ʻO nā Telomeres nā wēlau o nā chromosomes linear, i haku ʻia me nā moʻo DNA hou. Mālama nā Telomeres i nā wēlau o nā chromosomes mai ka hōʻino ʻana a me ka hui ʻana me nā chromosomes ʻē aʻe. I kēlā me kēia manawa e māhele ai kahi cell, pōkole nā telomeres, kahi e pili ana me ka ʻelemakule cellular a me ka holoʻokoʻa. Hiki i ka enzyme telomerase ke hoʻonui i ka lōʻihi o ka telomere, e pāʻani ana i kahi kuleana koʻikoʻi i nā cell e pono e māhele pinepine, e like me nā cell kumu a me nā cell kanesa.
He kuleana koʻikoʻi nō hoʻi nā telomeres i ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ke ola o nā cell. Ke pōkole loa nā telomeres, komo nā cell i kahi pae i ʻike ʻia ʻo senescence, kahi e pau ai ka māhele ʻana akā e mau ana ka hana metabolically. He ʻano hana koʻikoʻi kēia i ka pale ʻana i ka ulu ʻana o nā cell i kāohi ʻole ʻia a me ka maʻi ʻino.
Chromatid
ʻO ka chromatid kahi hui like o ʻelua mau ʻāpana linear e hana ana i kahi chromosome i hana hou ʻia. Ma mua o ka mahele ʻana o ke kelepona, aia kahi chromosome i ʻelua mau chromatids i hoʻopili ʻia ma kahi ʻāpana i kapa ʻia ʻo centromere. Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia chromatid kahi kope pololei o ka DNA, e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana e loaʻa ana i kēlā me kēia kelepona kaikamahine ka mea genetic piha e pono ai no ka hana maʻamau.
Nā lima P a me Q
Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā chromosome i ʻelua ʻāpana nui i kapa ʻia he mau lima. ʻO ka lima pōkole ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo ka lima P, ʻoiai ʻo ka lima lōʻihi ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo ka lima Q. Mai ka ʻōlelo Farani mai kēia inoa, me ka manaʻo ʻo 'petit' he liʻiliʻi no ka lima P. Kōkua kēia mahele i ke kaha kiʻi ʻana i nā chromosome a me ka ʻike ʻana i kahi o nā genes kikoʻī.
Hoʻohana nā ʻenehana hoʻohālikelike chromosome like ʻole, e like me ke kahakaha ʻana i ke banding a me ka fluorescein in situ hybridization (FISH), i kēia mau mahele e ʻike pololei i kahi o nā genes a i ʻole nā mea ʻē aʻe i loko o ka genome. He mea pono kēia i ka noiʻi genetic a me ka ʻike ʻana i nā kūlana e pili ana i ka genome.
Ka Hana a me ke Koʻikoʻi o nā Chromosomes
ʻAʻole wale ka lawe ʻana o nā chromosome i nā genes; hoʻoponopono pū lākou i ka hōʻike ʻana o nā genes a hōʻoia i ke kūpaʻa genetic ma o ka mahele cell i hoʻoponopono ʻia. Eia kekahi o nā hana a me ke koʻikoʻi o nā chromosomes:
1. Hoʻoili ʻana o nā ʻano hoʻoilina: ʻAe nā chromosome i ka hoʻoilina o nā mea hoʻoilina mai kekahi hanauna a i kekahi, e hōʻoia ana e loaʻa i nā keiki ka ʻike hoʻoilina e pono ai no ka ulu ʻana a me ka hana.
2. Hoʻoponopono Gene: ʻO ke kūlana o nā genes ma nā chromosomes a me kā lākou pilina me nā protein histone a me nā mea hoʻoponopono ʻē aʻe e hoʻopili i ka hōʻike ʻana o ka gene. Hiki i ke ʻano o ka chromatin ke ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi a palupalu paha, kahi e hoʻoholo ai inā hana a hana ʻole paha kahi gene.
3. Ka Mana o ke ʻAno like ʻole o ka Genetic: I ka wā o ka meiosis, ʻo nā hanana e like me ke keʻa ʻana a me ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā mea genetic ma waena o nā chromosomes homologous e hoʻonui i ke ʻano like ʻole o ka genetic, he mea nui kēia no ka evolution a me ka hoʻololi ʻana.
4. Ke kūpaʻa o ka Genome: ʻO ke ʻano linear a me ke kūlou o nā telomeres e kōkua i ka pale ʻana i ka ʻike genetic i ka wā o ke kaʻina hana hoʻopili DNA, e pale ana i ka hōʻino ʻia a i ʻole ka nalowale ʻana o ka ʻike genetic.
Ka hopena
ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā ʻāpana o nā chromosome a me kā lākou mau hana e hāʻawi i nā ʻike hohonu i nā ʻano hana o ka hoʻoilina a me nā dinamika genetic i loko o nā meaola. Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia ʻāpana o kahi chromosome kahi kuleana kūikawā a koʻikoʻi i ka mālama ʻana i ka pono a me ka hoʻomau ʻana o nā mea genetic, e hiki ai i nā meaola ke ulu, hoʻomohala, a hana hou me ka maikaʻi. Mai nā centromeres a i nā telomeres, hana pū kēlā me kēia ʻāpana e hōʻoia i ka mālama ʻia ʻana o ka ʻike genetic a hōʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano maʻamau, e hoʻoikaika ana i ke kupanaha a me ka paʻakikī o ke ola ma ka pae microscopic. Ke hoʻomau nei ka noiʻi hou aku i ka wehe ʻana i nā mea pohihihi e pili ana i nā chromosome, kahi e hiki ai ke kōkua i ko mākou ʻike ʻana i nā maʻi genetic a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau hou.
