ʻO ke ʻano kūloko o ka honua Honua
ʻIke pinepine ʻia ka Honua mai ka ʻili mai he "maʻalahi": nā ʻāina nui, nā moana, nā pae mauna, a me kahi lewa uhi. Eia nō naʻe, aia ma lalo o ko kākou mau wāwae kahi ʻano kūloko paʻakikī loa, i hoʻonohonoho ʻia a loli mau ʻia e nā kaʻina hana geological ma luna o nā piliona makahiki. He mea nui ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke ʻano kūloko o ka Honua ʻaʻole wale no ka geoscience, akā no ka wehewehe ʻana i ke kumu o nā ōlaʻi, pehea e hana ai nā lua pele, pehea e neʻe ai nā ʻāina nui, a no ke aha he kahua magnetic ka Honua e pale ai i ke ola mai ka radiation ʻino.
Ma keʻano laulā, ua māhele ʻia ke ʻano o loko o ka Honua i ʻekolu mau papa nui: ka ʻili honua, ka ʻaʻahu honua, a me ke kikowaena. Hoʻokumu ʻia kēia mahele ma ke ʻano kemika a me nā waiwai kino o nā pōhaku. Hoʻokaʻawale pū nā kānaka ʻepekema i nā papa ma muli o ke ʻano mechanical o nā mea, e like me ka lithosphere paʻa a me ka asthenosphere plastic. Loaʻa ka ʻike e pili ana i loko o ka Honua ma o nā ʻano hana like ʻole, ʻo ia hoʻi ka nānā ʻana i nā nalu seismic mai nā ʻōlaʻi, nā hoʻokolohua keʻena hoʻokolohua kiʻekiʻe, a me nā nānā ʻana i ke koʻikoʻi a me nā kahua magnetic.
1. ʻŌpala o ka Honua: ka papa waho loa akā ikaika
ʻO ka ʻili honua ka papa waho loa o ka Honua, ka mea a kākou e noho nei. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka nui o ka Honua, he lahilahi loa ka ʻili honua—e like me ka ʻili o ka ʻāpala. ʻOkoʻa ka mānoanoa o ka ʻili honua: ʻo ka awelika o ka ʻili honua ma kahi o 5-10 km, ʻoiai ʻo ka ʻili honua he 30-70 km a hiki ke mānoanoa ma lalo o nā pae mauna nui e like me ka Himalayas.
ʻO ka ʻili moana, ua haku ʻia me nā pōhaku basaltic waiwai i ka hao a me ka magnesium a ʻoi aku ka paʻa. ʻOi aku ka "māmā" o ka ʻili kontinental no ka mea he nui nā pōhaku granitic waiwai i ka silica a me ka alumini. He mea nui kēia ʻokoʻa i ka haku mele ʻana a me ka paʻa i nā tectonics plate: ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka subducted o ka ʻili moana paʻa (e paheʻe ana i lalo) ma mua o ka ʻili kontinental.
ʻOiai he lahilahi, ʻo ka ʻili ka ʻāpana hiki iā mākou ke nānā maʻalahi. Hoʻololi mau ka wā ʻino, ka ʻino ʻana, ka sedimentation, a me ka hana tectonic i ka ʻili. Mālama pū ka ʻili i ka mōʻaukala geological o ka Honua ma ke ʻano o nā fossils, nā papa sedimentary, a me nā ʻano pōhaku.
2. Lithosphere a me Asthenosphere: ke kumu mechanical o ka neʻe ʻana o ka papa
Ma lalo o ka ʻili honua, lilo kahi mahele e pili ana i nā waiwai mechanical i mea kōkua nui. ʻO ka ʻili honua, me ka ʻaoʻao luna o ka mantle, e hana ana i ka lithosphere—he papa paʻa i "haʻihaʻi ʻia" i loko o nā papa tectonic. Neʻe mālie kēia lithosphere ma luna o kahi papa plastic, ʻo ia hoʻi ka asthenosphere.
Aia ka asthenosphere ma kahi hohonu o 100-350 km (ʻokoʻa ma muli o ka wahi). ʻOiai ke kūpaʻa nei, hiki i nā pōhaku ma ka asthenosphere ke kahe mālie loa ma luna o nā pae manawa geological ma muli o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka mahana a me nā kūlana kaomi kikoʻī. ʻAe kēia kahe lohi i nā papa tectonic e neʻe, kuʻi, neʻe kaʻawale, a paheʻe paha kekahi i kekahi. ʻIke ʻia nā hopena ma ka ʻili e like me ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o nā mauna, nā ʻauwaha moana, nā kualono waena o ke kai, a me nā ōlaʻi.
3. ʻO ka ʻaʻahu o ka Honua: ka papa nui loa, ka mīkini nui o ka geodynamics
ʻO ka mantle ka papa mānoanoa loa, e hoʻolōʻihi ana mai ke kumu o ka ʻili honua a hiki i ka hohonu o kahi o 2.900 km. ʻO ka mantle ka mea nui o ka nui o ka Honua a hana ma ke ʻano he "mīkini" e hoʻoponopono i nā kaʻina hana honua he nui ma o ka convection wela. ʻO ka mantle ka mea nui i hana ʻia me nā minelala silicate waiwai i ka magnesium a me ka hao, e like me ka peridotite. ʻOiai ua manaʻo pinepine ʻia he wai, ʻo ka hapa nui o ka mantle he paʻa. Eia naʻe, hiki i kēia mau mea paʻa ke hana i ka deformation plastic a kahe mālie.
Ua māhele ʻia ka ʻaʻahu komo i loko o ka ʻaʻahu komo o luna a me ka ʻaʻahu komo o lalo. Aia i loko o ka ʻaʻahu komo o luna ka asthenosphere a me ka ʻāpana hoʻololi; ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka hohonu o ka ʻaʻahu komo o lalo a ʻoi aku ke kiʻekiʻe o ke kaomi a me ka mānoanoa.
a. ʻĀpana hoʻololi: kahi palena mineralogi koʻikoʻi
Ma nā hohonu mai 410 km a 660 km, aia kahi ʻāpana hoʻololi, kahi e hoʻololi ai nā minelala i ko lākou ʻano kristal ma muli o ke kaomi kiʻekiʻe. Hoʻopilikia kēia hoʻololi i ka pae minelala i ka wikiwiki o nā nalu seismic, e hiki ai ke ʻike ʻia ka ʻāpana ma o ka ʻikepili seismological. Manaʻo pinepine ʻia ka ʻāpana hoʻololi he "palena" e hoʻohuli i ke ʻano o ka neʻe ʻana o ka mea mantle i luna a i lalo paha.
b. ʻO ka convection mantle a me nā tectonics plate
Loaʻa ka wela o loko o ka Honua mai ke koena o ka wela o ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o ka honua a me ka palaho ʻana o nā mea radioactive. Hoʻokele kēia wela i nā kahe convection i loko o ka mantle: piʻi aʻe ka mea wela, ʻoiai e piholo ana ka mea anuanu. ʻO kēia convection ke kumu nui o ka neʻe ʻana o ka papa tectonic lōʻihi. Ma kekahi mau wahi, piʻi aʻe ka mea wela e hana i nā plume mantle e hiki ke hoʻoulu i ka hana lua pele nui, e like me nā lua pele wela e like me Hawaiʻi.
4. ʻO ke kikowaena o ka Honua: ke kumu o ke kahua magnetic a me nā mea huna o kona dinamika kūloko
Aia ma lalo o ka ʻaʻahu honua ka ʻiʻo o ka Honua, kahi i māhele ʻia i loko o kahi ʻiʻo o waho a me kahi ʻiʻo o loko. ʻO ka mānoanoa o ka ʻiʻo he 3.480 km mai ka palena o ka ʻaʻahu honua a i ke kikowaena o ka Honua. ʻO ke ʻiʻo maoli ka "puʻuwai" o ka honua, a he ʻokoʻa loa ia mai nā papa ma luna ona, ma ke ʻano a me ke ʻano kino.
a. Iwaho kumu: wai hao-nickel geodynamo generator
Aia ka ʻiwi waho ma kahi hohonu o 2.900–5.150 km a he wai. ʻO kona ʻano i hoʻomalu ʻia e ka hao a me ka nikala, me nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi o nā mea māmā (e like me ka sulfur, oxygen, a i ʻole silicon) e hoʻopilikia i kona nui a me ka wahi heheʻe. Ma muli o kona wai a me ka mea hoʻokele, ua pilikia ka ʻiwi waho i nā au convection ikaika.
ʻO ka neʻe ʻana o nā wai alakaʻi i loko o ke kikowaena waho, i hoʻopili ʻia e ka wili ʻana o ka Honua, e hoʻoulu ai i ke kahua magnetic o ka Honua ma o kahi ʻano i kapa ʻia ʻo geodynamo. Hoʻokumu kēia kahua magnetic i ka magnetosphere, e kōkua ana i ka pale ʻana i nā ʻāpana i hoʻopiʻi ʻia mai ka Lā, a pēlā e pale ai i ka lewa a me nā mea ola. Pili pū nā loli o ke kahe o ke kikowaena waho me nā loli i ke kahua magnetic, me ka hanana o nā hoʻohuli ʻana o ka pou magnetic ma luna o nā manawa geological.
b. ʻO ke kikowaena o loko: ke kikowaena mānoanoa a wela loa o ka Honua
Aia ka ʻōpū o loko ma kahi hohonu o 5.150 km a hiki i ke kikowaena o ka Honua (6.371 km) a he paʻa. ʻOiai ua manaʻo ʻia kona mahana he kiʻekiʻe loa (nā tausani kekelē Celsius), mālama ke kaomi koʻikoʻi i ka mea hao-nickel paʻa. Manaʻo ʻia e hoʻomau ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻōpū o loko i ka wā e hoʻomaʻalili ai ka Honua, i ka wā e paʻa ai ka mea hao mai ka ʻōpū o waho.
Hoʻokuʻu ka ulu ʻana o ke kikowaena o loko i ka wela latent a hiki ke hoʻololi i ke ʻano o ke kikowaena o waho (no ka mea makemake kekahi mau mea e noho i loko o ka pae wai). Kōkua kēia kaʻina hana i ka mālama ʻana i ka convection i loko o ke kikowaena o waho, a pēlā e kōkua ai i ka paʻa lōʻihi o ke kahua magnetic.
5. Pehea e "ʻike" ai nā kānaka ʻepekema i loko o ka Honua?
ʻOiai ʻaʻole hiki iā mākou ke ʻeli i ke kikowaena o ka Honua (ʻo ka lua hohonu loa o ke kanaka he mau kilomita wale nō ia), hilinaʻi ka ʻepekema i nā ala kūpono ʻole:
1. Seismology: ʻO nā nalu P (mua) a me nā nalu S (lua) mai nā ōlaʻi e hele ana ma ka Honua ma nā wikiwiki like ʻole ma muli o ka nui a me ke kūlana o ka mea. ʻAʻole hiki i nā nalu S ke hele ma waena o nā wai, no laila ʻo ka nele o nā nalu S ma kekahi mau wahi e kōkua i ka hōʻoia ʻana he wai ka ʻōpū waho.
2. Nā hoʻokolohua kaomi kiʻekiʻe: Hoʻomehana ʻia a kaomi ʻia nā minelala i loko o nā mea hana kūikawā e hoʻohālike i nā kūlana o ka ʻaʻahu a me ke kikowaena, i maopopo ai i nā kānaka ʻepekema ke ʻano o nā mea ma nā hohonu loa.
3. Ka umekaumaha a me ke geodesy: Hāʻawi nā ʻokoʻa o ke kahua umekaumaha i nā hōʻailona i ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka nuipa ma loko o ka Honua.
4. Geomagnetism: Kōkua nā nānā ʻana o ke kahua magnetic i ke kumu hoʻohālike i ka dinamika o ke kumu waho.
6. Hopena: ʻōnaehana papa i hoʻopili ʻia
ʻOi aku ka ʻano o loko o ka Honua ma mua o kahi puʻu paʻa o nā papa. Mālama ka ʻili i ke ola a hoʻopaʻa i ka mōʻaukala geological, neʻe ka lithosphere ma ke ʻano he mau papa tectonic, hāʻawi ka asthenosphere i kahi "kumu" plastic no kēlā neʻe ʻana, hoʻoponopono ka mantle i ke kahe wela e hoʻokele i nā dinamika o ka ʻili, a ʻo ke kikowaena—ʻoi aku ka kikowaena waho—e hoʻoulu i kahi kahua magnetic pale. Hoʻopili kēia mau papa āpau kekahi i kekahi, e hana ana i kahi ʻōnaehana honua ikaika a ulu.
ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke ʻano o loko o ka Honua e kōkua iā mākou e heluhelu i nā hōʻailona kūlohelohe, wānana i nā pōʻino honua, ʻimi i nā kumuwaiwai, a loiloi i nā kūlana e hiki ai i ka Honua ke noho. Ma lalo o kona ʻili mālie, he honua ola honua ka Honua—a ʻo kona ʻano o loko ke kumu nui o kēlā ola ikaika.
