Nā Hana Pilikino o ka Gravitasi ma waena o nā Honua
He mana "ʻike ʻole ʻia" ka umekaumaha, akā ʻo ia ke kumu hoʻoponopono mua o ke kauoha ma ke ao holoʻokoʻa. I loko o ka Pūnaehana Lā, hana nā pilina umekaumaha ma waena o nā hōkūhele e like me kahi pūnaewele mau o nā huki a me nā mea huki. Me ka ʻole o ka umekaumaha, ʻaʻole e kaʻapuni nā hōkūhele i ka Lā, ʻaʻole e kaʻapuni pono nā mahina i ko lākou mau hōkūhele, a e neʻe nā ʻano apo, nā asteroids, a me nā comets me ka ʻole o kahi ʻano paʻa. Kūkākūkā kēia ʻatikala pehea e hana ai nā pilina umekaumaha ma waena o nā hōkūhele, ko lākou hopena ma nā kaʻapuni a me nā dinamika o ka Pūnaehana Lā, a me nā hiʻohiʻona o nā hanana koʻikoʻi hiki iā mākou ke nānā a aʻo.
Nā kumu o ka umekaumaha a me nā orbits planetary
ʻŌlelo ke kānāwai o Newton no ka umekaumaha e huki ana nā mea ʻelua me ke kaumaha kekahi i kekahi me ka ikaika e like me ka huahana o ko lākou mau kaumaha a kūlike ʻole i ka huinahā o ka mamao ma waena o lākou. Ma ke ʻano o ka Pūnaehana Lā, ʻo ka Lā ke kumu nui o ka umekaumaha no ka mea he nui loa kona kaumaha—ʻoi aku ma mua o 99% o ka nuipau holoʻokoʻa o ka ʻōnaehana. ʻO ia ke kumu e kaapuni ai nā hōkūhele āpau i ka Lā.
Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole nā hōkūhele he "mau mea holo mālie." Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia hōkūhele ke kaumaha, no laila ke hoʻohuli nei lākou i nā orbits o kekahi. ʻOiai ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā mana interplanetary ma mua o ko ka Lā, hiki i kēia mau hopena liʻiliʻi ke hōʻiliʻili i ka hala ʻana o ka manawa a hana i nā loli koʻikoʻi i ke ʻano orbital, ke kūlou o ka mokulele orbital, a me ke kūpaʻa lōʻihi o ka ʻōnaehana.
No ke aha he mea nui ka pilina ma waena o nā hōkūhele?
I ka nānā mua ʻana, ʻike ʻia nā kaʻapuni o nā hōkūhele he maʻamau a kokoke ʻole i ka loli. Akā inā mākou e ana pono i nā kūlana o nā hōkūhele, ʻike mākou i nā ʻokoʻa maalea mai ko lākou mau ala elliptical kūpono. Ua kapa ʻia kēia mau ʻokoʻa he mau hoʻopilikia umekaumaha, ʻo ia hoʻi nā haunaele liʻiliʻi i nā kaʻapuni i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka huki umekaumaha o nā mea ʻē aʻe—ʻoi aku hoʻi nā hōkūhele nui e like me Jupiter lāua ʻo Saturn.
He mea nui kēia hoʻololi no ka mea:
1. Ke hoʻoholo nei i ka pololei o nā wānana kūlana honua. Pono e hoʻokomo pū ka hoʻokele lewa a me nā helu ala o ka mokulele i nā hopena o ka umekaumaha interplanetary e hōʻoia i ka pololei.
2. Ke hoʻohālikelike nei i ke ʻano o ka ʻōnaehana lā. Hoʻopili nā resonances orbital a me nā hoʻopilikia umekaumaha i ka mamao o nā hōkūhele, ke kāʻei asteroid, a me ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā mea Kuiper Belt.
3. Hoʻopilikia i ke kūpaʻa lōʻihi. Ma luna o nā miliona a i ʻole piliona mau makahiki, hiki i nā pilina umekaumaha ke hoʻolilo i nā orbits i ʻoi aku ka elliptical, neʻe, a i ʻole ke kumu o nā collisions i nā kūlana koʻikoʻi.
Ka hoʻopilikia ʻana o ka umekaumaha: huki liʻiliʻi, hopena nui
Ke kokoke loa nā hōkūhele ʻelua (no ka laʻana, i ka wā o ka hui pū ʻana), piʻi aʻe ka huki umekaumaha ma waena o lāua. ʻO ka hōkūhele nui aʻe ke kumu o nā haunaele nui aʻe. ʻO Iupita, ʻoiai ʻo ia ka hōkūhele nui loa, he mea nui ia i ka hoʻopilikia ʻana i ka Pūnaehana Lā. Hiki i ka huki ʻana o Iupita ke hoʻololi i nā kaʻapuni o nā asteroids, hoʻopilikia i nā comets, a hoʻoneʻe iki i nā kaʻapuni o nā hōkūhele ʻē aʻe.
ʻO kahi laʻana kaulana o ka hopena o nā haunaele ʻo ia ka neʻe ʻana o ka perihelion o Mercury (kahi kokoke loa ʻo Mercury i ka Lā). Hiki ke wehewehe ʻia ka hapa nui o ka neʻe ʻana e ka mana umekaumaha o nā hōkūhele ʻē aʻe, ʻoiai ua wehewehe ʻia kahi hopena koena liʻiliʻi ma hope e ke kumumanaʻo laulā o Einstein no ka relativity. Hōʻike kēia i ka maopopo pono ʻana o ka neʻe ʻana o ka hōkūhele, pono mākou e noʻonoʻo i nā pilina interplanetary a me ka physics hohonu o ka umekaumaha.
ʻO ke kani ʻana o ka orbital: ke "rhythm" o ka umekaumaha interplanetary
Hana ʻia ka resonance orbital i ka wā e hana ai nā wā orbital o nā mea ʻelua i kahi lakio helu holoʻokoʻa maʻalahi, e like me 2:1 a i ʻole 3:2. Ma lalo o kēia mau kūlana, hiki i nā huki umekaumaha hou i ka pae like ke hoʻonui i ka hopena perturbation, e like me nā nudges liʻiliʻi hou i ka manawa kūpono.
Hiki i ka resonance ke hana i ʻelua mau mea kū'ē like:
– Ke hoʻopaʻa nei i nā orbits. Mālama kekahi mau resonances i ke kauoha, e mālama ana i nā mea liʻiliʻi ma ko lākou mau ala.
– Hoʻopau i ka paʻa ʻana o nā orbits. Hoʻonui maoli kekahi mau resonances i ka eccentricity o nā orbits, e ʻae ana i nā mea e "hoʻolei ʻia" a i ʻole e kuʻi.
Ma ke kāʻei asteroid, aia nā "Kirkwood gaps," nā hakahaka i ka hoʻolaha asteroid i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā resonances me Jupiter. ʻIke nā asteroids i loko o kahi pae resonance i nā haunaele manawa e hoʻololi i kā lākou mau orbits, a ma hope e alakaʻi ai i ko lākou neʻe ʻana mai ka ʻāina. He laʻana maopopo kēia o ke ʻano o ka pilina umekaumaha ma waena o nā hōkūhele e "kālai" i ke ʻano o ka Solar System.
Ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka ikehu a me ka momentum angular
I loko o kahi ʻōnaehana kino he nui (ka Lā a me nā hōkūhele), ua mālama ʻia ka ikehu holoʻokoʻa a me ka momentum angular, akā hiki ke hoʻololi ma waena o nā lālā o ka ʻōnaehana. Hiki i nā hōkūhele ke "hoʻololi" i ka momentum angular me kekahi i kekahi ma o nā pilina umekaumaha lōʻihi, e hopena ana i nā loli liʻiliʻi i nā mea orbital e like me:
ʻO ke ʻano ʻē (ovality orbital)
– Ke kūlou ʻana (ke kūlou ʻana o ka ʻōpuni)
– Ka laina apsis (kuhikuhi o ke axis lōʻihi o ka orbit)
– Ka laina kikowaena (kuhikuhi o ka mokulele orbital)
Lohi loa kēia mau loli i ka maʻamau, akā ma kahi pae astronomical hiki iā lākou ke koʻikoʻi. ʻO ia ke kumu e hana pinepine ʻia ai nā simulations o ka dinamika o ka ʻōnaehana Solar e aʻo i ke kūpaʻa o nā orbits planetary ma luna o nā piliona mau makahiki.
Ke kuleana o nā hōkūhele nunui: ʻo Jupiter lāua ʻo Saturn ma ke ʻano he "mea kākau hale"
He nui nā nui o Iupita lāua ʻo Saturn, no laila hiki aku ko lāua mana umekaumaha i kahi mamao loa. He kuleana pālua kā lāua: ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, hiki iā lāua ke pale i ka ʻōnaehana lā o loko ma ka hoʻopilikia ʻana i nā ala o nā comets, e pale ana iā lākou mai ke komo ʻana i loko o ka ʻōnaehana o loko. Ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, hiki iā lāua ke hoʻouna i kekahi mau mea i loko ma o nā loli orbital mālie, e hoʻoweliweli ana paha i nā hōkūhele pōhaku e like me ka Honua.
Hōʻike pū nā kumu hoʻohālike o ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o ka Pūnaehana Lā e hiki i ka neʻe ʻana o nā hōkūhele nui i nā lā mua ke hoʻololi i nā kūlana o nā mea liʻiliʻi, e hoʻoneʻe ana i nā mea a puni, a e kōkua ana i ka wehewehe ʻana i ke kumu he liʻiliʻi loa ka nui o ke kāʻei asteroid ma mua o ka mea i manaʻo ʻia inā ua hoʻokumu ʻia "mālie" me ka ʻole o ka haunaele.
Ka pilina o ke koʻikoʻi a me nā au
ʻOiai ʻo ke kumuhana he "interplanetary," ʻo nā hopena kai he ʻano koʻikoʻi o ka pilina umekaumaha e kū pinepine ana i nā ʻōnaehana honua-mahina a ma nā hōkūhele hoʻi kokoke i ko lākou mau hōkū. Kū mai nā kai ma muli o ka ikaika o ka ikaika umekaumaha ma ka ʻaoʻao o kahi mea kokoke i ke kumu o ka umekaumaha, e hoʻoulu ai i ka hohola ʻana.
Ma ka pae honua, hiki i nā kai ke:
– Ke hoʻololi nei i ka hoʻohuli ʻana (ka hoʻolohi ʻana a i ʻole ka laka ʻana i ka hoʻohuli ʻana, e like me ka laka ʻia ʻana o ka Mahina i ka Honua).
– Hoʻopuka i ka hoʻomehana kūloko (laʻana koʻikoʻi: ʻO Io, ka mahina o Jupiter, he hana nui loa ia ma muli o nā mana kai).
– Ke loli mālie nei ka mamao o ke kaʻapuni (e laʻa, ke neʻe aku nei ka Mahina mai ka Honua aku i kekahi mau kenimika i kēlā me kēia makahiki).
He liʻiliʻi pinepine nā au kai ma waena o nā hōkūhele no ka mea he nui loa ka mamao ma waena o nā hōkūhele, akā hōʻike nā loina kino like pehea e hiki ai i ka umekaumaha ke hoʻololi i ke kūlana kino o nā kino lani, ʻaʻole wale ko lākou ala hele.
Nā haunaele umekaumaha a me nā ʻike honua
Hōʻike ka mōʻaukala o ka ʻike hōkū he hiki i nā pilina umekaumaha ma waena o nā hōkūhele ke lilo i mea hana "makaʻi" cosmic ikaika. Ua ʻike ʻia ka honua ʻo Neptune i ke kenekulia 19 no ka mea ua hōʻike ka ʻōpuni o Uranus i nā ʻano kūlike ʻole i hiki ʻole i nā hōkūhele i ʻike ʻia ke wehewehe. A laila ua wānana nā kānaka ʻepekema i ke ola ʻana o kahi honua hou ma muli o kēia mau hoʻopilikia umekaumaha—a ua loaʻa maoli ʻo Neptune kokoke i kona kūlana i wānana ʻia. ʻO kēia kekahi o nā lanakila nui o nā mechanics lani.
I kēia au hou, hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻano hana like i nā haʻawina exoplanet. ʻO nā loli i nā loli manawa transit (TTV) o kahi honua e hala ana i mua o kona hōkū hiki ke hōʻike i ke alo o kahi honua ʻē aʻe e hoʻoulu ai i nā haunaele umekaumaha. No laila, ʻaʻole wale nā pilina umekaumaha e hoʻoponopono i ka ʻōnaehana Solar akā hāʻawi pū i kahi ala no ka ʻike ʻana i nā honua ʻē aʻe.
Paʻa o ka ʻōnaehana solar: maʻamau, akā ʻaʻole paʻa loa
ʻO kahi nīnau hoihoi: pehea ka paʻa o ka ʻōnaehana solar? Ma keʻano laulā, ua paʻa loa ke ʻano o lalo, akā aia kekahi mea o ka "chaos deterministic" i loko o nā dynamics he nui-kino. ʻAʻole ʻo Chaos ma ʻaneʻi ke ʻano o ka randomness lawlessness, akā he mea koʻikoʻi loa ia i nā kūlana mua. ʻO nā loli liʻiliʻi loa i ke kūlana mua hiki ke hoʻolilo i nā wānana i kahi mamao loa i ka wā e hiki mai ana i mea paʻakikī.
Ma luna o nā manawa he miliona mau makahiki, ua hiki ke wānana ʻia nā kūlana o nā hōkūhele. Eia nō naʻe, ma luna o ka manawa, ma luna o nā haneli miliona a i nā piliona mau makahiki, piʻi ka maopopo ʻole. Eia naʻe, e like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia, ʻo ka likelika o ka lilo ʻana o ka Pūnaehana Lā i "haunaele piha" i ka wā e hiki mai ana he mea liʻiliʻi loa ia. Hana nā pilina umekaumaha ma waena o nā hōkūhele ma ke ʻano he ʻano paʻakikī: i kekahi manawa e hoʻopaʻa ana, i kekahi manawa e hana ana i nā ʻano like ʻole, akā ma ka hopena holoʻokoʻa i kahi ʻōnaehana paʻa loa.
Pani
ʻO nā pilina umekaumaha ma waena o nā hōkūhele ke kumu o ka dinamika o ka ʻŌnaehana Lā. Hōʻike lākou i ke kumu i paʻa ʻole ai nā orbits, pehea e hoʻokumu ai nā resonances i nā ʻano e like me nā hakahaka ma ke kāʻei asteroid, pehea e hoʻohuli ai nā hōkūhele nunui i nā kino liʻiliʻi, a pehea e hiki ai ke alakaʻi ʻia nā ʻike hōkūhele e nā hoʻopilikia orbital. ʻAʻole wale ka umekaumaha he "huki" maʻalahi, akā he hana hoʻomau e hoʻoponopono ai i nā mele cosmic. ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i kēia mau pilina e kōkua iā mākou e heluhelu i ka mōʻaukala o ka ʻŌnaehana Lā, e wānana i ka neʻe ʻana o nā kino lani, a ʻike pū i nā hōkūhele ma nā ʻōnaehana hōkū ʻē aʻe. Ma kēia huki mālie akā mau, mālama ka ʻŌnaehana Lā i kona kauoha - he kaulike dynamic hoihoi.
