Nā Lewa o nā Hōkūhele ma ka ʻŌnaehana Lā
He uhi kinoea ka lewa e hoʻopuni ana i kahi honua a i ʻole kekahi kino lani ʻē aʻe. ʻO kona alo e hoʻoholo nui i ka "maka" o kahi honua: kona mahana o ka ʻili, nā ʻano o ke aniau, ka hiki ke mālama i ka wela, ka pale ʻana mai ka radiation ʻino, a me ka hiki ke kākoʻo i ke ola. I loko o ka ʻōnaehana lā, loaʻa i kēlā me kēia honua kahi lewa me kahi ʻano like ʻole, ka mānoanoa, a me ka dynamics. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia kēia mau ʻokoʻa e kona mamao mai ka Lā, ka nui o ka honua (umekaumaha), ka hana geological, ke alo o kahi kahua magnetic, a me ka mōʻaukala o ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o ka honua. Kūkākūkā kēia ʻatikala i nā lewa o nā honua nui i ka ʻōnaehana lā a me kekahi o nā mea e hoʻolilo iā lākou i mea kūikawā.
1. Mercury: ʻAneʻane ʻAʻohe Lewa
ʻO Mercury ka honua kokoke loa i ka Lā a ʻo ia kekahi o nā mea liʻiliʻi loa. He nāwaliwali ka umekaumaha o Mercury, a he koʻikoʻi loa ka mahana o kona ʻili: wela loa i ke ao a anuanu loa i ka pō. ʻO kēia mau kūlana e paʻakikī ai iā Mercury ke mālama i kahi lewa mānoanoa.
ʻAʻohe lewa o Mercury ma ke ʻano maʻamau, akā he exosphere lahilahi loa kona. Hana ʻia kēia exosphere me nā ʻātoma i hoʻokuʻu ʻia mai ka ʻili e ka makani lā a me nā micrometeoroids, e like me ka sodium, potassium, oxygen, helium, a me ka hydrogen. Ma muli o kona lahilahi loa, ʻaʻole hiki i ka exosphere o Mercury ke hoʻopaʻa i ka wela a ʻaʻole hoʻi e hana i ke aniau e like me kā mākou e ʻike nei.
2. Venus: Ka Lewa Mānoanoa a me ka Hopena Hale ʻŌmaʻomaʻo Loa
Ua kapa pinepine ʻia ʻo Venus ʻo "māhoe o ka Honua" ma muli o kona nui like a me ke kaumaha. Eia nō naʻe, hōʻike ka lewa o Venus i ke ʻano o ka loli nui ʻana o nā hōkūhele. He lewa mānoanoa loa ko Venus, i hoʻomalu ʻia e ke kalapona ʻokikene (CO₂) me nā ao o ka waikawa sulfuric. ʻO ke kaomi lewa ma ka ʻili he 90 mau manawa ma mua o ka Honua, e like me ke kaomi ma ka hohonu o kahi 1 km ma nā moana o ka Honua.
ʻO ka mea kupanaha loa, ʻo ia ka mahana kiʻekiʻe loa o ka ʻilikai o Venus, ma mua o 460°C. ʻO kēia ma muli o ka hopena ʻōmaʻomaʻo holo wikiwiki: hoʻopaʻa ka nui o ka CO₂ i ka radiation thermal, e hoʻopaʻa ana i ka wela. Eia kekahi, hōʻike nā ao mānoanoa i kekahi o nā kukuna o ka Lā, akā ua pale ʻia ka wela mai ka pakele ʻana. He wikiwiki loa nā makani ma ka lewa luna o Venus, e hana ana i kahi hanana i kapa ʻia ʻo "super-rotation," kahi e ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki o ka wili ʻana o ka lewa ma mua o ka honua ponoʻī.
3. Honua: He Lewa Kaulike no ke Ola
He mea kū hoʻokahi ka lewa o ka Honua i loko o ka ʻōnaehana lā no ka mea ke kākoʻo nei ia i ke ola ma kahi pae nui. ʻO kona ʻano i hoʻomalu ʻia e ka naikokene (ma kahi o 78%) a me ka oxygen (ma kahi o 21%), me nā koena o ka argon, carbon dioxide, mahu wai, a me nā kinoea ʻē aʻe. ʻO ke alo o ka nui o ka oxygen he hopena ia o nā kaʻina hana olaola, ʻoiai ka photosynthesis.
Aia i ka lewa o ka Honua nā papa e like me ka troposphere (kahi e kū ai ke aniau), ka stratosphere (me ka ozone e omo ana i ka radiation ultraviolet), ka mesosphere, ka thermosphere, a me ka exosphere. He kuleana koʻikoʻi ko ka mahu wai i ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o ke ao, ka ua, a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka mahana. Mālama ka hopena ʻōmaʻomaʻo kūlohelohe o CO₂, ka mahu wai, a me ka methane i ka Honua i ka mehana. Kōkua pū ke kahua magnetic o ka Honua i ka pale ʻana i ka lewa mai ka ʻino ʻana e ka makani lā.
4. Mars: Ka Lewa Lahilahi a Anu
He lahilahi loa ka lewa o Mars ma mua o ka Honua, me ke kaomi ʻili ma lalo o 1% o ko ka Honua. ʻO ka hapa nui o kona lewa he kalapona ʻokikene, me nā liʻiliʻi o ka naikokene a me ka argon. Ma muli o kona lahilahi o ka lewa, ʻaʻole mālama maikaʻi ʻo Mars i ka wela, e hopena ana i nā mahana awelika haʻahaʻa a me kahi ākea o ka mahana o ke ao a me ka pō.
Ua kaulana ʻo Mars no kona mau ʻino lepo, hiki ke ʻano mai kahi kūloko a kokoke i ka honua holoʻokoʻa. Ma nā pou o Mars, hoʻohaʻahaʻa ka hau wai a me ka hau kalapona dioxide (hau maloʻo) a hoʻomoe pū me nā kau, e hoʻopilikia ana i ke kaomi lewa i ka hala ʻana o ka manawa. Manaʻo nā kānaka ʻepekema he mānoanoa ka lewa a me ka wai wai o Mars i ka wā ma mua, akā ua nalowale kekahi o kēia lewa ma muli o ka nāwaliwali o ke koʻikoʻi a me ka nalowale ʻana o ka pale o kahi kahua magnetic honua ikaika.
5. Iupita: Ka Lewa Hoʻoikaika o kahi Pilikua Kinoea
ʻO Iupita ka honua nui kinoea nui loa ma ka ʻōnaehana lā. Ua hoʻomalu ʻia kona lewa e ka hydrogen a me ka helium, like ke ʻano me ka Lā, me nā koena o ka methane, ammonia, a me ka mahu wai. ʻAʻohe ʻili paʻa o Iupita e like me ka Honua; i kou neʻe ʻana i loko o ka lewa, lilo nā kinoea i ʻoi aku ka mānoanoa, e neʻe ana i kahi papa wai.
Ua ʻike ʻia ka lewa o Iupita e nā ʻāpana ao kala a me nā ʻino nui e like me ka Great Red Spot, kahi ʻino i mau no nā kenekulia. Hiki i nā makani ma Iupita ke wikiwiki loa, a ʻo nā ʻokoʻa o ka mahana a me ke ʻano hana e hana i nā papa ao paʻakikī. ʻIke ʻia hoʻi ka uila, e hōʻike ana i ka hana ʻino o ke aniau.
6. Saturn: Nā Ao Ammonia a me nā ʻino kau
He kinoea nui nō hoʻi ʻo Saturn me ka lewa i hoʻomalu ʻia e ka hydrogen a me ka helium. Ma ke ʻano ʻike maka, ʻike ʻia ka mālie o ka lewa o Saturn ma mua o Jupiter, akā ke mālama nei ia i nā dinamika koʻikoʻi, me nā ʻino nui a me nā ʻino kau. ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona hoihoi ka ʻano hexagonal ma ka pou ʻākau o Saturn, kahi i manaʻo ʻia e pili ana i nā nalu lewa a me nā ʻano makani paʻa.
Aia ka ammonia i loko o nā ao o Saturn, a aia kekahi papa ao ʻē aʻe, i haku ʻia paha me ka ammonium hydrosulfide a me ka wai, i loko o ka lewa. Ma muli o ka hoʻolaha ʻana o Saturn i ka wela o loko, kōkua kēia ikehu i ka hoʻokele ʻana i kona lewa a me nā ʻōnaehana aniau.
7. ʻUranus: Lewa Anu me ka Methane
He "pilikua hau" ʻo Uranus, me kahi ʻano kūloko i waiwai i ka wai, ka ammonia, a me ka methane i loko o kahi ʻano wai ma lalo o ka lewa. ʻO ka hydrogen a me ka helium ka mea i hoʻomalu ʻia e ka lewa o Uranus, akā ʻo ka methane i ka lewa luna e omo i ka mālamalama ʻulaʻula, e hāʻawi ana iā Uranus i kahi ʻano polū.
ʻO Uranus kekahi o nā hōkūhele anuanu loa a he hiō loa kona (he hopena "wili"). ʻO kēia kūlana e hoʻolilo i nā kau o Uranus i mea ʻokoʻa loa, me kēlā me kēia pou e ʻike nei i nā lā a i ʻole nā pō lōʻihi loa. I ka wā ma mua, ua ʻike ʻia ʻo Uranus he "mālie," akā hōʻike nā nānā hou i nā ʻino a me nā ao e loli ana, e hōʻike ana ʻaʻole mālie mau ka hana lewa.
8. Neptune: Nā makani wikiwiki loa ma ka ʻōnaehana lā
ʻO Neptune kekahi ʻano hau nui me ka lewa o ka hydrogen, helium, a me ka methane. ʻOiai kona mamao mai ka Lā, he lewa ikaika loa ko Neptune. ʻO nā makani ma Neptune kekahi o nā makani wikiwiki loa ma ka ʻōnaehana lā, e hōʻea ana i ka wikiwiki o 1.000 km/h.
Ua hōʻike pū ʻo Neptune i nā ʻino nui e like me ka Red Spot o Jupiter, e like me ka "Great Dark Spot" i ʻike ʻia i ka wā o Voyager 2. Ua manaʻo ʻia ua hoʻokele ʻia kēia hana e ka wela kūloko nui, no laila ʻoiai he liʻiliʻi ka ikehu lā i loaʻa, ua ikaika mau ka dinamika o ka lewa.
Nā Kumu e Hoʻopili ai i ka Lewa o ka Honua
Ma keʻano laulā, ua hoʻopili ʻia ka lewa o ka honua e kekahi mau mea nui:
1. Umekaumaha: ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o nā hōkūhele me nā nui nui ke paʻa i nā kinoea māmā.
2. Ka mamao mai ka Lā: Hoʻopilikia i ka mahana a me ke ʻano o ka mea hiki ke noho ma ke ʻano he kinoea a i ʻole ka hau.
3. Kahua makeneka: Mālama i ka lewa mai ka ʻino ʻana e ka makani lā.
4. Hana honua: Hiki i nā lua pele a me nā kaʻina hana kūloko ke hoʻolako i nā kinoea hou i ka lewa.
5. Ka mōʻaukala mua o ka honua: Hiki i nā ulia nui a me ka ulu mua ʻana ke hoʻololi a hoʻopau paha i nā lewa.
Pani
Hōʻike nā lewa o nā hōkūhele i loko o kā mākou ʻōnaehana lā i nā ʻano like ʻole kupaianaha—mai ka exosphere lahilahi o Mercury a i ka uhi CO₂ mānoanoa o Venus, mai nā ʻōnaehana aniau e kaulike ana i ke ola ma ka Honua a hiki i nā ʻino nui o Jupiter a me nā makani wikiwiki loa o Neptune. ʻAʻole wale ke aʻo ʻana i nā lewa e kōkua iā mākou e hoʻomaopopo i nā kūlana ma nā hōkūhele ʻē aʻe akā aʻo pū kekahi iā mākou i nā haʻawina koʻikoʻi e pili ana i ke aniau, ka pono o ka pale kūlohelohe, a pehea e lilo ai nā hōkūhele i mea noho a lilo paha i mea koʻikoʻi. Me nā holomua i nā misionari lewa a me nā telescope, e hoʻomau ka hoʻonui ʻana o ko mākou ʻike i nā lewa hōkūhele, e hōʻike ana i nā ʻike hou i ko mākou wahi ma ke ao holoʻokoʻa.
